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  3. 宋朝 公元960年，一个新兴势力，宋(公元960一1279)，再次统一了中国大部分地区。但在1127年宋朝廷因没能打退游牧民族的入侵而被迫放弃北

宋朝 公元960年，一个新兴势力，宋(公元960一1279)，再次统一了中国大部分地区。但在1127年宋朝廷因没能打退游牧民族的入侵而被迫放弃北

游客2024-01-02  11
问题     宋朝
    公元960年，一个新兴势力，宋(公元960一1279)，再次统一了中国大部分地区。但在1127年宋朝廷因没能打退游牧民族的入侵而被迫放弃北方。所以宋朝又被分成北宋(公元960—1127)和南宋(公元1127一1279)两个阶段。
    宋朝的创始人建立了有效的中央集权制，广泛任用民间的学术文人，地方的军事官员及其党羽都被中央任命的官员所替代。这种官员体系使得宋朝的权力比以往任何朝代都更集中在皇帝和官僚机构手中。
    宋朝在城市发展方面是非常显著的，这不单指其在管理上的职能，而且还包括其作为贸易、工业和海上贸易的中心的职能。
    在文化方面，宋朝在过去几百年的基础上又发展了，这些发展不仅包括唐朝的思想，还包括历史文献、绘画、书法及光滑的瓷器等。
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答案     The Song Dynasty
    In 960 a new power, Song (960-1279), reunified the greater part of China (most of China Proper). However, The Song period divides into two phases: Northern Song (960-1127) and Southern Song (1127-1279). The division was caused by the forced abandonment of north China in 1127 by the Song court, which could not push back the nomadic invaders.
    The founders of the Song dynasty built an effective centralized bureaucracy staffed with (appointing/ employing) many civilian scholar-officials. Regional military officers/ governors and their supporters were replaced by officials appointed by the central government/ centrally appointed officials. This system of civil service led to a greater concentration of power (in the hands) of the emperor and his palace bureaucracy than had been achieved in the previous dynasties.
    The Song dynasty is notable for the development of cities (made notable urban development) not only in terms of administrative functions but also as centers of trade, industry, and maritime commerce.
    Culturally, the Song achieved further developments on the basis of the previous centuries (refined many of the developments of the previous centuries). Included in these developments were not only the Tang thoughts, but also historical writings, painting, calligraphy, and glazed porcelain.
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