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  3. Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise

Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise

游客2023-07-21  51
问题     Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive(认识派的)researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.
    The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful use of small monetary(金钱的)rewards speaks creativity in grade -school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements(刺激)indeed aid inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
    "If kids know they’re working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity," says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it’s easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards."
    A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary a chievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing grades.
    In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems ’and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims. [br] What is the response of many educators to external rewards for their student?
选项 A、They have no doubts about them.
B、They have doubts about them.
C、They approve of them.
D、They avoid talking about them.
答案 C
解析 作者在第一段中叙述的两种态度。第一种是行为学家的观点：外部奖励促进学习。第二种是认知学派的观点：外部奖励摧毁了学生的创造力。本题要求判断教育家们的态度。依据文章第二段开头The latter view has gained many supporters， especially among educators．(第二种观点获得了许多人的赞成，尤其是教育家们。)可知教育家们的观点应该是和认知学派的观点一致的。因此选项C符合文章的意思，正确。
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