Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise

游客2023-07-21 19

问题 Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive(认识派的)researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.
The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful use of small monetary(金钱的)rewards speaks creativity in grade -school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements(刺激)indeed aid inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
"If kids know they’re working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity," says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it’s easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards."
A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary a chievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing grades.
In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems ’and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims. [br] It can be inferred from the passage that major universities are trying to tighten their grading standards because they believe ______.

选项 A、rewarding poor performance may kill the creativity of students
B、punishment is more effective than rewarding
C、failing uninspired students helps improve their overall academic standards
D、discouraging the students’ anticipation for easy rewards is a matter of urgency

答案 A

解析该题出现的相关段落应该是第四段。其人意为：Eisenberger认为，如果一个老师总是关注奖励，或者对表现一般的学生也给予高分，那么他的学生最终都会不思进取，不求上进。为了证明第二点：Eiscnberger指出一些主要大学正在越来越致力于严格评分标准以及恢复不及格评分。该题问及一些大学严格评分标准的原因，显而易见是针对一些老师对表现一般的学生也给予高分这一现象。因为因表现平常也可得高分的学生最终会变得不求上进，失去效力，失去动力，失去创造力，所以选项A符合文章的意思，为正确答案。

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