首页
登录
职称英语
In sixteenth-century Italy and eighteenth-century France, waning prosperity
In sixteenth-century Italy and eighteenth-century France, waning prosperity
游客
2025-01-10
13
管理
问题
In sixteenth-century Italy and eighteenth-century France, waning prosperity and increasing social unrest led the ruling families to try to preserve their superiority by withdrawing from the lower and middle classes behind barriers of etiquette. In a prosperous community, on the other hand, polite society soon adsorbs the newly rich, and in England there has never been any shortage of books on etiquette for teaching them the manners appropriate to their new way of life.
Every code of etiquette has contained three elements: basic moral duties; practical rules which promote efficiency; and artificial, optional graces such as formal compliments to, say, women on their beauty or superiors on their generosity and importance.
In the first category are considerations for the weak and respect for age. Among the ancient Egyptians the young always stood in the presence of older people. Among the Mponguwe of Tanzaia, the young men bow as they pass the huts of the elders. In England, until about a century ago, young children did not sit in their parents’ presence without asking permission.
Practical rules are helpful in such ordinary occurrences of social life as making proper introductions at parties or other functions so that people can be brought to know each other. Before the invention of the fork, etiquette directed that the fingers should be kept as clean as possible; before the handkerchief came into common use, etiquette suggested that after spitting, a person should rub the spit inconspicuously underfoot.
Extremely refined behavior, however, cultivated as an art of gracious living, has been characteristic only of societies with wealth and leisure, which admitted women as the social equals of men. After the fall of Rome, the first European society to regulate behavior in private life in accordance with a complicated code of etiquette was twelfth-century Province, in France. Provinces had become wealthy. The lords had returned to their castle from the crusades, and there the ideals of chivalry grew up, which emphasized the virtue and gentleness of women and demanded that a knight should profess a pure and dedicated love to a lady who would be his inspiration, and to whom he would dedicate his valiant deeds, though he would never come physically close to her. This was the introduction of the concept of romantic love, which was to influence literature for many hundreds of years and which still lives on in a debased form in simple popular songs and cheap novels today.
In Renaissance Italy too, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, a wealthy and leisured society developed an extremely complex code of manners, but the rules of behavior of fashionable society had little influence on the daily life of the lower classes. Indeed many of the rules, such as how to enter a banquet room, or how to use a sword or handkerchief for ceremonial purposes, were irrelevant to the way of life of the average working man, who spent most of his life outdoors or in his own poor hut and most probably did not have a handkerchief, certainly not a sword, to his name. Yet the essential basis of all good manners does not vary. Consideration for the old and weak and the avoidance of banning or giving unnecessary offence to others is a feature of all societies everywhere and at all levels from the highest to the lowest.
选项
A、take in the recently wealthy
B、retreat within themselves
C、produce publications on manners
D、change the laws of etiquette
答案
B
解析
本题是细节题。由文中第一段前两行可知他们通过离开中下层来保持自己的优越性。因此他们有一种逃避的趋势。
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/3906632.html
相关试题推荐
CharlesDickensobservedofrevolutionaryFrancethatitwasthebestoftim
France’shighestcourthaltedthefinalvoyageoftheClemenceaubecause[origin
Insixteenth-centuryItalyandeighteenth-centuryFrance,waningprosperity
1 InthedaysoftheRoses,Francewasstillasortofsemi-detachedpartofEn
1 InthedaysoftheRoses,Francewasstillasortofsemi-detachedpartofEn
1 InthedaysoftheRoses,Francewasstillasortofsemi-detachedpartofEn
1 InthedaysoftheRoses,Francewasstillasortofsemi-detachedpartofEn
_____istheyearFrancelostitsruleoverQuebec,A、1736B、1763C、1733D、1766B
Insixteenth-centuryItalyandeighteenth-centuryFrance,waningprosperitya
Insixteenth-centuryItalyandeighteenth-centuryFrance,waningprosperitya
随机试题
Attimesmyheartcriesoutwithlongingtoseeallthesethings,IfIcange
Lookingtoimproveyourlanguageskills,butdon’thavethetimetogoovers
Thecompanywherewevisitedthedaybeforeyesterdayisnotfarfromhere.wher
Thispassageismainlyaboutthebenefitsofdevelopingrobotsandhowpeoplear
根据《反不当竞争法》规定,以下说法错误的是()A.经营者在市场交易中,应当遵循自
下列为骨髓稀释的标志,但哪项除外A.骨髓有核细胞很少B.未见到骨髓小粒和脂肪滴C
有关社区护士基本条件的描述正确的是A.必须是护理本科毕业B.从事护理工作3年以上
急性胰腺炎时腹穿抽出液是<P>A.黄色,浑浊,无臭味,可有食物残渣<br>B.不
()要求以估价对象的最高最佳使用为前提进行估价。A.合法原则 B.最高最佳使
中国证监会()中国期货业协会从业人员的自律管理活动。A.审查和监督 B.指导
最新回复
(
0
)