在人际关系问题上我们不要太浪漫主义。人是很有趣的,往往在接触一个人时首先看到的都是他或她的优点。这一点颇像是在餐馆里用餐的经验。开始吃头盘或冷碟的时候,印象

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问题   在人际关系问题上我们不要太浪漫主义。人是很有趣的,往往在接触一个人时首先看到的都是他或她的优点。这一点颇像是在餐馆里用餐的经验。开始吃头盘或冷碟的时候,印象很好。吃头两个主菜时,也是赞不绝口。愈吃愈趋于冷静,吃完了这顿宴席,缺点就都找出来了。于是转喜为怒,转赞美为责备挑剔,转首肯为摇头。这是因为,第一,开始吃的时候你正处于饥饿状态,而饿了吃糠甜加蜜,饱了吃蜜也不甜。第二,你初到一个餐馆,开始举筷时有新鲜感,新盖的茅房三天香,这也可以叫做“陌生化效应”吧。

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答案 We should not be too romantic in interpersonal relations. Human beings are interesting in that they tend to first see good in a new acquaintance. This is like dining in a restaurant. You will be not only favorably impressed with the first dish or cold dishes, but also profuse in praise of the first two courses. However, the more you have, the more sober you become until the dinner ends up with all the flaws exposed, Consequently, your joy would give way to anger; your praises would to criticism or even fault-finding; and your nodding in agreement to shaking the head. What accounts for all this is, in the first place, you are hungry when you start to eat. As the saying goes, "Hunger is the best sauce", and vice versa. And in the second place, unfamiliarity breeds freshness in you when you start to eat in a restaurant new to you, which is the so-called effect of unfamiliarization.

解析 1.人是很有趣的,往往在接触一个人时首先看到的都是他或她的优点。
  英语注重形合,汉语注重意合,因此,与其他所有衔接手段相比,连接是英汉两种语言之间差别最大的一种。英汉语篇连接成分的不同之处归结起来主要有两个方面,即显性(explicit)与隐性(implicit)的差异以及断句方式不同所引起的差异。汉语中甚至短语与小句之间,小句与句子之间,句子与更大的单位句群之间,其界限也不是截然分明的。由于英汉语在衔接方面的这种差异,汉译英时通常会在译文中忽略连接词的使用。
  译文A:Human beings are interesting.They tend to first see good in a new acquaintance.
  译文B: Human beings are interesting in that they tend to first see good in a new acquaintance.
  相比之下,译文A分两个句子译,没有使用连接手段,译文B把握了英汉语篇连接的差异,使原文中的隐性连接关系在译文中成为显性的,用in that连接,表示“在于……这点上”。
  2.开始吃头盘或冷碟的时候,印象很好。吃头两个主菜时,也是赞不绝口。
  英汉语中都有语法上的格式,通常称之为关联词语。如:not only ... but also ... (不仅……而且……) ; the more ...the more ... (越……越……) 。相比之下,汉语省略这类关联词语的情况更多,比如上两句。而英语使用这类关联词语的情况更多。
  译文A: You will be favorably impressed with the first dish or cold dishes.You will be profuse in praise of the first two courses.
  译文B: You will be not only favorably impressed with the first dish or cold dishes,but also profuse in praise of the first two courses.
  比较以上译文,译文A保持汉语原文的隐性连接关系,译文B使用not only … but also ...(不但……而且……),使两句实现显性连接。
  3.愈吃愈趋于冷静,吃完了这顿宴席,缺点就都找出来了。
  译文A: However,the more you have,the more sober you become.The dinner ends up with all the flaws exposed.
  译文B: However,the more you have,the more sober you become until the dinner ends up with all the flaws exposed.
  以上“越……越……”为语法格式,英语中与其对应的是the more ... the more ...。英汉这方面的连接手段是相似的。比较以上译文,译文A是分成两句译的。而译文B运用了英语的连接手段,使用until,一气呵成。
  4.于是转喜为怒,转赞美为责备挑剔,转首肯为摇头。
  省略和替代一样,也是避免重复的一个常用手段。两者常常互相替代使用。有的语言学家把省略称为“零位替代”(zero-substitution)。英汉两种语言中的省略现象可大致分为名词性省略、动词性省略和小句性省略三种。在并列结构中,英语常常省略前面已出现过的词语,而汉语则往往重复这些词语。汉语习惯于重复词语,有时为了保持语法的正确,有时是为了促成结构的整齐,匀称;有时既是语法的要求,也是修辞的需要。英语习惯上不重复词语。
  以动词性省略为例:
  Reading maketh a full man;conference a ready man;and writing an exact man.(F. Bacon: of Studies)
  读书使人充实,讨论使人机智,笔记使人准确。(王佐良译: 《谈读书》)
  译文A:Consequently,your joy would give way to anger;your praises would give way to criticism or even fault-finding;and your nodding in agreement would give way to shaking the head.
  译文B:Consequently,your joy would give way to anger;your praises would to criticism or even fault- finding;and your nodding in agreement to shaking the head.
  比较以上译文,可以看到,译文B使用省略方法,更加符合英语句法常规。
  5.这是因为,第一,开始吃的时候你正处于饥饿状态,而饿了吃糠甜加蜜,饱了吃蜜也不甜。
  第二,你初到一个餐馆,开始举筷时有新鲜感,新盖的茅房三天香,这也可以叫做“陌生化效应”吧。
  翻译中的“异化法”(foreignizing method)要求译者向作者靠拢,采取相应于作者所使用的源语表达方式,来传达原文的内容;而“归化法”(domesticating method)则要求译者向目的语读者靠拢,采取目的语读者所习惯的目的语表达方式,异化与归化跟直译与意译虽然有—定的联系,但也存在着明显的区别。直译、意译是翻译方法,而异化、归化是翻译策略,这一点可以用《红楼梦》译例来说明,试比较:
  谋事在人,成事在天。
  译文A: Man proposes,Heaven disposes.(Yang) (异化)
  译文B: Man proposes,God disposes.(Hawkes) (归化) 世人都晓神仙好。
  译文A: All men long to be immortals.(Yang) (异化)
  译文B: All men know that salvation should be won,(Hawkes) (归化)
  归化与异化不仅表现在语言形式层面上,而且也表现在对文化因素的处理上,归化所要做的不仅是使译文符合泽人语的表达习惯,还要使原文的文化特色符合译人语文化规约,异化要保留的也不仅是纯语言的形式特色,还有异域的文化因素。
  英汉语中有些身势语的表达是相同的,比如,shake one’s head: 摇头(表示“不”,或怀疑,不赞同等), nod: 点头(表示同意)。因此,“首肯”和“摇头”有多种译法:译法 首肯 摇头
直译 nodding shaking one’s head  
意译 agreement
approval
positive view
disagreement
disapproval
negative view
转首肯为摇头。
  直译: Nodding approval will give way to head-shaking.
  意译:A.Agreement will give way to disagreement.
B.Approval will give way to disapproval.
C.Positive views will give way to negative views.
  然而,有些英汉语中文化专有项(culture-specific items)可以采取不同策略,比如,“举筷”,“吃糠”,“饿了吃糠甜加蜜”,“新盖的茅房三天香”。
  吃糠
  异化: to have chaff (bran,husks ...)
  归化: to have dishwater
  饿了吃糠甜加蜜。
  异化: In hunger one can taste honey in chaff.
  归化: Hunger is the best sauce.
  举筷
  异化: to take up the chopsticks to eat;
to begin to eat with chopsticks
  归化: to take up a knife and fork
to begin to eat with a knife and fork
  新盖的茅房三天香。
  异化: A newly-built latrine smells sweet in the first 3 days.
Fresh air doesn’t’ t last long in a new latrine.
  归化:Familiarity breeds contempt.
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