首页
登录
职称英语
The desire for achievement is one of life’s great mysteries. Social scientis
The desire for achievement is one of life’s great mysteries. Social scientis
游客
2024-04-04
5
管理
问题
The desire for achievement is one of life’s great mysteries. Social scientists have devoted lifetimes studying the drives that spur us out of bed in the morning, compel us to work or study hard and spark all manner of human endeavors. Indeed, a 1992 textbook actually documents 32 distinct theories of human motivation.
Given this diversity of thought, it’s easy to forget that for half a century, American society has been dominated by the psychological school known as behaviorism, or Skinnerian psychology. Although behaviorism and its fundamental principle of "positive reinforcement" have long since lost their sway in academic circles, the Skinnerian legacy remains powerful in every realm of daily life, from the home and classroom to the workplace. Don’t want to take the trash out? Do it, and you can go to the movies Friday night. Not in the mood for work? Keep plugging away, and you might get a bonus. Not interested in calculus? Strive for an A in the class, and you’ll make the honor roll. The theory may be bankrupt, but incentives and rewards are so much a part of American culture that it’s hard to imagine life without them.
Yet that’s exactly what a growing group of researchers are advocating today. A steady stream of research has found that rather than encouraging motivation and productivity, rewards actually can undermine genuine interest and diminish performance. "Our society is caught in a whopping paradox," asserts Alfie Kohn, author of the new book Punished by Rewards (Houghton Mifflin), which surveys recent research on the effectiveness of rewards. "We complain loudly about declining productivity, the crisis of our school and the distorted values of our children. But the very strategy we use to solve those problems—dangling rewards like incentive plans and grade and candy bars in front of people—is partly responsible for the fix we’re in."
It’s tough argument to make in a culture that celebrates the spoils of success. Yet study after study shows that people tend to perform worse, to give up more easily and to lose interest more quickly when a reward is involved. Children who are given treats for doing artwork, for example, lose their initial love of art within weeks. Teenagers who are promised a reward for tutoring youngsters don’t teach as enthusiastically as tutors offered nothing. And chief executive officers who have been awarded long-term incentive plans have often steered their companies toward lower returns. [br] Which of the following statements is in support of the finding that "people tend to perform worse... when a reward is involved" (in the last paragraph)?
选项
A、People are not used to being conditioned by prizes.
B、Rewards are attempts to control behavior.
C、Rewards are indispensable to American culture.
D、The principle of "positive reinforcement" is not fully enforced.
答案
B
解析
该句意思是说“当涉及奖励的时候,人们更容易表现不佳,更容易轻易放弃,更容易失去兴趣”,而下文举的例子也说明了一旦涉及奖励,人们往往容易被奖励所控制,而忽视了个人本身的内在动力力量。四个选项中只有B“奖励是诱惑,它控制着人的行为”可以支持这一说法。
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/3540814.html
相关试题推荐
[originaltext]Todaylet’stalkaboutsocialnetworking.Firstlet’stalkab
[originaltext]Foryearsscientistshavebeenworriedabouttheeffectsofa
[originaltext]MySpace,thesocialnetworkingwebsite,isdifferentfromoth
[originaltext]MySpace,thesocialnetworkingwebsite,isdifferentfromoth
[originaltext]MySpace,thesocialnetworkingwebsite,isdifferentfromoth
[originaltext]W:(5)Agoodresumepredictshowyoumightperforminthatdesired
[originaltext](13)Scientistswhostudytheearthtellusthatthecontinen
[originaltext](13)Scientistswhostudytheearthtellusthatthecontinen
[originaltext]W:Iheardthatsomepeoplewhowerenotenvironmentalscientists
[originaltext]W:Iheardthatsomepeoplewhowerenotenvironmentalscientists
随机试题
Mostofusareacutelyawareofhowmuchmobiledataweconsumeonourphone
[originaltext]Moderator:HelloLadiesandGentlemen,itgivesmegreatplea
Chinaistoworkoutanational【B1】______regulationtosafeguardhealthier
根据ISACA的COBIT框架,JT资源没有特别指()。A.资本 B.数据
A.益气健脾,养血调经 B.滋补肝肾,养血调经 C.燥湿化痰,活血通经 D
根据下列饼图,该地区高校在读大学生文科学生比工科学生少()。 A.5.13
人两侧肾脏24小时生成的原尿量约为A.1~2L B.5~10L C.100~
皮亚杰认为,10岁以后,儿童的道德判断主要依据自己认可的内在标准,称为(
可燃物质的聚集状态不同其受热后发生的燃烧过程也不同,下列关于可燃物质燃烧类型的说
()不是砌体结构具有的特点。A.自重大 B.保温隔热性能好 C.抗弯
最新回复
(
0
)