首页
登录
职称英语
PubLic transit. In North America, public transportation has been the major cas
PubLic transit. In North America, public transportation has been the major cas
游客
2023-12-18
28
管理
问题
PubLic transit. In North America, public transportation has been the major casualty of the commitment to the automobile. Ridership on public transportation declined in the United States from 23 billion per year in the late 1940s to 7 billion in the early 1990s. At the end of World War I, U.S. cities had 50,000 kilometers of street railways and trolleys that carried 14 billion passengers a year, but only a few hundred kilometers of track remain. The number of U.S. and Canadian cities with trolley service declined from about fifty in 1950 to eight in the 1960s: Boston, Cleveland, New York, New Orleans, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, San Francisco, and Toronto.
Buses offered a more flexible service than trolleys, because they were not restricted to operating only on fixed tracks. General Motors acquired many of the privately Owned streetcar companies and replaced the trolleys with buses that the company made. But bus ridership has declined from a peak of 11 billion riders per year in the late 1940s to 5 million in the 1990s. Commuter railroad service, like trolleys and buses, has also been drastically reduced in most U. S. cities.
The one exception to the downward trend in public transportation in the United States is the subway, now known to transportation planners as fixed heavy rail. Cities such as Boston and Chicago have attracted new passengers through construction of new lines and modernization of existing service. Chicago has been a pioneer in the construction of heavy-rail rapid transit lines in the median strip of expressways. Entirely new Subway systems have been built in recent years in a number of U. S. cities, including Atlanta, Baltimore, Miami, Sag Francisco, and Washington, D.C..
Public transportation is particularly suited to bringing a large number of people into a small area in a short period of time. Consequently, its use is increasingly confined in the United States to rush-hour commuting by workers in the central business district. A bus can accommodate thirty people in the amount of space occupied by one automobile, while a double-track rapid transit line can transport the same number of people as sixteen lanes of urban freeway.
Despite modest recent successes, most public transportation systems are caught in a vicious circle, because fares do not cover operating costs. As patronage declines and expenses rise, the fares are increased, which drives away ’passengers and leads to service reductions and still higher fares. Public expenditures to subsidize construction and operating costs have increased, but public officials in the United States do not consider that public transportation is a vital utility deserving subsidy to the degree long assumed by European governments.
In contrast, even in the relatively developed Western European countries and Japan, where automobile ownership rates are high, extensive networks of bus, tram, and subway lines have been maintained, and funds for new construction have been provided in recent years, Since the late 1960s, London has opened 27 kilometers of subways, including two new lines, plus 18 kilometers in light rail transit lines to serve the docklands area. During the same period, Paris has built 65 kilometers of new subway lines, including a new system, known as the Reseau Express Regional (R. E. R. ) to serve outer suburbs.
Smaller cities have shared the construction boom. In France alone, new subway, Jines have been built since the 1970s in Lille, Lyon, and Marseille, and hundreds of kilometers of entirely new tracks have been laid between the country’s major cities to operate a high-speed train known as the TGV. [br] Which of the following countries is the locality of the R.E.R. system?
选项
A、England.
B、The United States.
C、Germany.
D、France.
答案
D
解析
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/3283754.html
相关试题推荐
______[br][originaltext]SentenceNo.1Americanswatchtelevisionalmosteve
______[originaltext]SentenceNo.1Americanswatchtelevisionalmosteverynig
Amajorstudyofthegrocery-buyinghabitsofmillionsofAmericansreleased
Amajorstudyofthegrocery-buyinghabitsofmillionsofAmericansreleased
RicciintendshisAmericaneditionofFMRtocarrymoreAmericanartworksinor
RicciintendshisAmericaneditionofFMRtocarrymoreAmericanartworksinor
HowmanymissingAmericanservicemenhavebeenpositivelyconfirmeddeadinViet
HowmanymissingAmericanservicemenhavebeenpositivelyconfirmeddeadinViet
OnPublicSpeakingWhenpeopleare
DemographicindicatorsshowthatAmericansinthepostwarperiodweremoree
随机试题
A. B. C. D.
A.不存在 B.仅含一个非零解向量 C.含有二个线性无关解向量 D.含有三
8086CPU可用于间接寻址的寄存器有。()A.AX,BX,CX,DX B.S
某梁纵向受力钢筋为5根直径为20mm的HRB335级钢筋(抗拉强度为300N/m
下列各类资产发生减值后,相关资产减值准备允许转回的有( )。
《端子箱及检修电源箱精益化评价细则》要求端子箱内部元器件红外测温记录每年至少(
A. B. C. D.
在乳糖操纵子机制中起正性调节的因素是( )。A.cAMP水平升高 B.葡萄糖
女性,64岁,曾被诊断为“轻型”糖尿病,用饮食管理即能控制血糖在“正常范围”,近
根据《建设工程项目管理规范》(GB/T50326-2006),施工企业项目经理在
最新回复
(
0
)