首页
登录
职称英语
Working a typewriter by touch, like riding a bicycle or strolling on a path,
Working a typewriter by touch, like riding a bicycle or strolling on a path,
游客
2023-12-02
6
管理
问题
Working a typewriter by touch, like riding a bicycle or strolling on a path, is best done by not giving it a glancing thought. Once you do, your fingers fumble and hit the wrong keys. To do things involving practiced skills, you need to turn loose the systems of muscles and nerves responsible for each maneuver, place them on their own, and stay out of it. There is no real loss of authority in this, since you get to decide whether to do the thing or not, and you can intervene and embellish the technique any time you like; if you want to ride a bicycle backward, or walk with an eccentric loping gait giving a little skip every fourth step, whistling at the same time, you can do that. But if you concentrate your attention on the details, keeping in touch with each muscle, thrusting yourself into a free fall with each step and catching yourself at the last moment by sticking out the other foot in time to break the fall, you will end up immobilized, vibrating with fatigue.
It is a blessing to have options for choice and change in the learning of such unconsciously coordinated acts. If we were born with all these knacks inbuilt, automated like ants, we would surely miss the variety. It would be a less interesting world if we all walked and skipped alike, and never fell from bicycles. If we were all genetically programmed to play the piano deftly from birth, we might never learn to understand music.
The rules are different for the complicated, coordinated, fantastically skilled manipulations we perform with our insides. We do not have to learn anything. Our smooth-muscle cells are born with complete instructions, in need of no help from us, and they work away on their own schedules, modulating the lumen of blood vessels, moving things through intestines. Secretary cells elaborate their products in privacy; the heart contracts and relaxes; cells communicate with each other by simply touching; all this goes on continually, without ever a personal word from us. The arrangement is that of an ecosystem, with the operation of each part being governed by the state and function of all the other parts. When things are going well, as they generally are, it is an infallible mechanism.
But now the autonomy of this interior domain, long regarded as inviolate, is open to question. The experimental psychologists have recently found that visceral organs can be taught to do various things, as easily as a boy learns to ride a bicycle, by the instrumental techniques of operant conditioning. If a thing is done in the way the teacher wants, at a signal, and a suitable reward given immediately to reinforce the action, it becomes learned. Rats, rewarded by stimulation of their cerebral "pleasure centers", have been instructed to speed up or slow down their hearts at a signal, or to alter their blood pressures, or switch off certain waves in their electroencephalograms and switch on others.
The same technology has been applied to human beings, with other kinds of rewards, and the results have been startling. It is claimed that you can teach your kidneys to change the rate of urine formation, raise or lower your blood pressure, change your heart rate, write different brain waves, at will.
There is already talk of a breakthrough in the prevention and treatment of human disease. According to proponents, when the technology is perfected and extended it will surely lead to new possibilities for therapy. If a rat can be trained to dilate the blood vessels of one of his ears more than those of the other, as has been reported, what rich experiences in self-control and self-operation may lie just ahead for man? There are already cryptic advertisements in the personal columns of literary magazines, urging the purchase of electronic headsets for the training and regulation of one’s own brain waves, according to one’s taste.
You can have it. Not to downgrade it. It is extremely important, I know, and one ought to feel elated by the prospect of taking personal charge, calling the shots, running one’s cells around like toy trains. Now that we know that viscera can be taught, the thought comes naturally that we’ve been neglecting them all these years, and by judicious application of human intelligence, these primitive structures can be trained to whatever standards of behavior we wish to set for them. [br] The operation of our inside organs is different from that of muscles and nerves in that it is_________.
选项
A、primarily manipulated by blood vessels
B、in constant need of training and practicing
C、much less complicated and coordinated
D、genetically programmed to work on its own
答案
D
解析
推断题。第三段前两句指出,对于复杂、协调、极为熟练的内部器官的操控,规则是不同的。我们不需要学习什么。之后解释了人体自我调节的过程。因此可以看出内部器官是无须操控,生来就可以自我运行的,故[D]为答案。
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/3236757.html
相关试题推荐
[originaltext]M:Whethertheyareattendingcollegeorworkingtheirfirstjobs
[originaltext]M:Whethertheyareattendingcollegeorworkingtheirfirstjobs
[originaltext]M:Whethertheyareattendingcollegeorworkingtheirfirstjobs
[originaltext]W:Whichleveldoyoupreferteaching?Why?M:Iloveworkingwit
[originaltext]W:Whichleveldoyoupreferteaching?Why?M:Iloveworkingwit
[originaltext]W:Whichleveldoyoupreferteaching?Why?M:Iloveworkingwit
[originaltext]W:Youknow,mostworkersareworkingundergreatpressure.Howa
[originaltext]W:Youknow,mostworkersareworkingundergreatpressure.Howa
[originaltext]W:Youknow,mostworkersareworkingundergreatpressure.Howa
许先生正在厦门大学读博士学位。Mr.Xuisworkingforthedoctor’sdegreeatXiamenUniversity.原译
随机试题
Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?[br]IntheUSNurses’HealthStudy,womenwho
DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassage
Eachculturehasitsownformofacceptablegreetingbehavior,usuallybased
下列指标中,哪一个是项目财务评价结论中的重要指标?( )A.贷款利率 B.所
病人症见高热烦躁,神昏谵语,惊厥,口渴唇焦,尿赤便闭,舌红,舌苔黄,脉弦数。A.
据对全国规模以上文化及相关产业5.9万家企业调查,2020年上半年,上述企业实现
19世纪60年代到90年代,清朝统治阶级内部的洋务派兴办近代企业,建立新式海陆军
适用于回复上级机关的询问的公文文种是( )。A.通报 B.报告 C.请示
下列哪一项不属于联合用药的意义A.提高药物的疗效 B.减少或降低药物的不良反应
银行承兑汇票的承兑银行,应当按照票面金额向出票人收取()的手续费。A:千分之一
最新回复
(
0
)