首页
登录
职称英语
To understand the importance of controlled observation in psychology, we loo
To understand the importance of controlled observation in psychology, we loo
游客
2023-09-12
35
管理
问题
To understand the importance of controlled observation in psychology, we look at a horse by the name of Hans. Hans could reason and "talk". Hans had been trained by a math teacher, Mr. Osten, to communicate by tapping forefoot and moving his head. A head nod meant yes, and a shake suggested no. Mr. Osten developed a code for verbal information in which each letter was represented by a pair of numbers. The letter A was coded as one tap, pause, one tap, and the letter I was three taps, pause, two taps. Once Hans learned to tap his foot or move his head when questioned, he was given simple problems and then fed a piece of bread or carrot for correct responses. By the end of his training, Hans could spell words, and he excelled in math. He became a hero in Germany his picture was on wine bottles and toys.
An official commission examined the horse, testing him to see if he really did all the things claimed. They came away very impressed and issued a statement that there was no evidence of any intentional influence or aid on the part of Hans’ questioners.
But there was one scientist who was not so sure that Hans was as intelligent as he had been portrayed. Oskar Pfungst, a sharp observer, had detected that Hans always faced his questioners. Pfungst hypothesized that this might have something to do with his math ability. The scientist set up a very simple experiment. He wrote numbers on a card and held them up one at a time, asking Hans to tap out the numbers written on each card. Half of the cards were held so that only Hans, not Pfungst himself, could see. Hans was his usual brilliant self, getting 92% of them correct. But for the numbers Pfungst could not see, Hans was no longer a brilliant horse, getting 8% correct.
Pfungst repeated the experiment over and over again, with nearly the same results. He observed Hans with his other questioners. As soon as they stated the problem to Hans, most questioners would turn their head and upper body slightly. When the correct number of foot taps had been made by Hans, the questioner would move his head upward. Despite his years of work with the horse, Mr. Osten had never dreamed that Hans had learnt to "read" him. He felt angry and betrayed by the horse.
Thus we can see that experts sometimes can be wrong and that what sometimes seems to be the truth may be a false impression. Even experts can be fooled if they don’t make appropriate use of research procedures to check their observations. [br] According to Pfunst’s experiment, Hans most probably did his work by ______.
选项
答案
observing/reading his questioners
解析
参见倒数第二段。
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/3007182.html
相关试题推荐
Directions:Nowadayspeoplearebecomingincreasinglyawareoftheimportanceof
Emotionsaredefinedasstrong,relativelyuncontrolledfeelingsthataffect
Emotionsaredefinedasstrong,relativelyuncontrolledfeelingsthataffect
Tobetterunderstandthenegotiationpracticesofothercultures,itisimpo
Tobetterunderstandthenegotiationpracticesofothercultures,itisimpo
Tobetterunderstandthenegotiationpracticesofothercultures,itisimpo
Tobetterunderstandthenegotiationpracticesofothercultures,itisimpo
Tobetterunderstandthenegotiationpracticesofothercultures,itisimpo
Tobetterunderstandthenegotiationpracticesofothercultures,itisimpo
Tobetterunderstandthenegotiationpracticesofothercultures,itisimpo
随机试题
KofiAnnanisexpectedtomakeaspeech_______.[originaltext]EastTimoris
渤海是中国唯一的内海,占地面积7.7284万平方千米。辽东半岛(peninsula)的老铁山与山东半岛的蓬莱角(cape)间的连线为黄海和渤海的分界线。渤海
Everybodylovesafatpayrise.Yetpleasureatyourowncanvanishifyoule
A.(a+b)/4 B.(a+b)π/4 C.(a+b)π/2 D.(a+
()指可以不经著作权人许可,无需支付报酬,使用其作品。A.合理使用 B
基金管理人的( )负责制定书面的合规政策。A.高级管理层 B.监事会 C.
患者,男性,60岁,腰痛入院,血红蛋白60g/L,尿蛋白2g/L,本周蛋白(
干式消弧线圈测温装置检验不合格,属于()(A)一般缺陷(B)严重缺陷
根据《汽车贷款管理办法》,除原中国银监会及其派出机构批准经营人民币贷款业务的商业
老年患者突然发生寒战高热、咳嗽咳痰,痰呈红色胶冻状,引起肺部感染最可能的病原菌是
最新回复
(
0
)