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Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise

游客2023-07-02  82
问题     Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can【C1】______performance at work and school. Cognitive(认知学派的)researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on【C2】______and gifts from others.
    The latter view has gained many supporters,【C3】______among educators. But the careful use of small【C4】______rewards sparks creativity in grade school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements(刺激)indeed【C5】______inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
    "If kids know they’re working for a reward and can focus on a relatively【C6】______task, they show the most creativity," says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it’s easy to【C7】______creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards."
    A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for【C8】______achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and【C9】______failing grades.
    In early grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows【C10】______in raising efforts and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.
    A)mental B)promise C)kill D)avoid E)hope
    F)especially G)aid H)ordinary I)approval J)monetary
    K)generally L)improve M)challenging N)restore O)excellent [br] 【C4】
选项
答案 J
解析 此处应填形容词修饰rewards。由But转折可知此句表明的观点与认知派研究专家的观点“物质奖励有害”相反，因此可以推出此处应填的形容词是表示“物质奖励”意思的词，选项中只有monetary符合题意。
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