首页
登录
职称英语
Changes in the volume of unemployment are governed by three fundamental forc
Changes in the volume of unemployment are governed by three fundamental forc
游客
2025-05-11
13
管理
问题
Changes in the volume of unemployment are governed by three fundamental forces: the growth of the labor force, the increase in output per man hour, and the growth of total demand for goods and services. Changes in the average hours of work enter in exactly parallel fashion but have been quantitatively less significant. As productivity rises, less labor is required per dollar of national product, or more goods and services can be produced with the same number of man—goods.
If output does not grow, employment will certainly fall; if production increases more rapidly than productivity(less any decline in average hours worked), employment must rise. But the labor force grows, too. Unless gross national product(total final expenditure for goods and services corrected for price changes)rises more rapidly than the stun of productivity increase and labor force growth(again modified for any change in hours of work), the increase in employment will be inadequate to absorb the growth in the labor force. Inevitably the unemployment rate will increase. Only when total production expands faster than the rate of labor force growth pins the rate of productivity increase and minus the rate at which average annual hours fall does the unemployment fall. Increases in productivity were more important than growth of the labor force as sources of the wide gains in output experienced in the period from the end of the war to the mid-sixties. These increases in potential production simply were not matched by increases in demand adequate to maintain steady full employment.
Except for the recession years of 1949, 1954 and 1958, the rate of economic growth exceeded the rate of productivity increase. However, in the late 1950s productivity and labor force were increasing more rapidly than usual, while the growth of output was slower than usual. This accounted for the change in employment rates.
But if part of the national purpose is to reduce and contain unemployment, arithmetic is not enough. We must know which of the basic factors we can control and which we wish to control. Unemployment would have risen more slowly or fallen more rapidly if productivity had increased more slowly, or the labor force had increased more slowly, or the hours of work had fallen more steeply, or total output had grown more rapidly. These are not independent factors, however, and a change in any of them might cause change in the others.
A society can choose to reduce the growth of productivity, and it can probably find ways to frustrate its own creativity. However, while a reduction in the growth of productivity at the expense of potential output might result in higher employment in the short run, the long-run effect on the national interest would be disastrous.
We must also give consideration to the fact that hidden beneath national averages is continuous movement into, out of, between, and within labor markets. For example, 15 years ago, the average number of persons in the labor force was 74 million, with about 70 million employed and 3.9 million unemployed. Yet 14 million experienced some term of unemployment in that year. Some were new entrants to the labor force; others were laid off temporarily, the remainders were those who were permanently or indefinitely severed from their jobs. Thus, the average number unemployed during a year understates the actual volume of involuntary-displacement that occurs.
High unemployment is not an inevitable result of the pace of technological change but the consequence of passive public policy. We can anticipate a moderate increase in the labor force accompanied by a slow and irregular decline in hours or work. It follows that the output of the economy—and the aggregate demand to buy it—must grow by more than 4 percent a year just to prevent the unemployment rate from rising, and by even more if the unemployment rate is to fail further. Yet our economy has seldom, if ever, grown at a rate greater than 3.5 percent for any extended length of time.
We have no cause for complacency. Positive fiscal, monetary, and man power policies will be needed in the future. [br] The author’s purpose in this passage is to______.
选项
A、define the economic terms used in discussion of employment
B、criticize the decisions of past administrations during recession years
C、call for the application of positive economic control policies in the year that lie ahead
D、allay current fears about increasing unemployment
答案
C
解析
本题中,A、B、D三项均不是作者的目的。从文章最后一段可知作者写本文是为了呼吁应该采取积极的财政金融政策。因此C项为正确答案。
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/4071492.html
相关试题推荐
•Lookatthechartbelow.Itshowsacountry’sunemploymentrate.inflationrat
•Lookatthechartbelow.Itshowsacountry’sunemploymentrate.inflationrat
LeadingtheStrategicChangesTheleaderisthechanges
LeadingtheStrategicChangesTheleaderisthechanges
LeadingtheStrategicChangesTheleaderisthechanges
LeadingtheStrategicChangesTheleaderisthechanges
FiveInterviewingFundamentalsThemostimportantthing
FiveInterviewingFundamentalsThemostimportantthing
Readthearticlebelowaboutchangesthatahotelchainismaking.Foreach
Readthearticlebelowaboutchangesthatahotelchainismaking.Foreach
随机试题
[originaltext]Whatwouldyouliketodoinyoursparetime?[/originaltext][au
下列古代工具书中,属于政书的是( )。A.《艺文类聚》 B.《文献通考》
诊断再障最佳的方法是A、血常规检查 B、骨髓穿刺检查 C、CT检查 D、临
在单位电场强度下,带电粒子的移动速度称为A.电泳速度 B.电泳迁移率 C.电
高考期间,地处某考场附近的一房地产项目的销售经理,组织销售人员向在考场外烈日下等
从所给的四个选项中,选择最合适的一个填入问号处,使之呈现一定的规律性:
下列说法中,正确的是( )。A.大赦既赦其刑,又赦其罪B.特赦只赦其刑
投保人甲以其成年子女乙为被保险人,向X保险公司投保意外伤害保险,死亡保险金额为1
下列各项税法原则中,属于税法适用原则的是()。A.税收公平原则 B.税收
一般而言,采用固定总价合同时,承包商的投标报价较高的原因是()。A.承包商丧失了
最新回复
(
0
)