首页
登录
职称英语
Historian E. H Carr’s thesis that all debates concerning the explanation of
Historian E. H Carr’s thesis that all debates concerning the explanation of
游客
2025-02-19
26
管理
问题
Historian E. H Carr’s thesis that all debates concerning the explanation of historical phenomena revolve around “the question of the priority of causes” is so familiar to historians as to constitute orthodoxy within their profession. The “true historian”, as Carr puts it, will feel a professional obligation to place the multiple causes of a historical event in a hierarchy by means of which the primary or ultimate cause of the event can be identified. In the Marxist mode of historical explanation (historical materialism), a universal hierarchy of causes is posited in which economic factors are always primary. In the classic, more widely accepted alternative ultimately derived from Weberian sociology, hierarchies of causes are treated as historically specific: explanatory primacy in any particular historical situation must be established by empirical investigation of that situation, not by applying a universal model of historical causation.
While the need to rank historical causes in some order of importance may seem obvious to most historians, such hierarchies raise serious philosophical difficulties. If any historical event is the product of a number of factors, then each of these factors is indispensable to the occurrence of the event. But how can one cause be “more indispensable” than another? And if it cannot, how can there be a hierarchy of indispensable causes? It was this problem that first led Weber himself to argue for the impossibility of any general formula specifying the relative importance of causes; we cannot, for example, conclude that in every capitalist society religious change has been more significant than economic change (or vice versa) in explaining the rise of capitalism.
Runciman offers a different argument leading to the same conclusion. He points out that it is possible to identify specific factors as the primary causes of a particular historical event only relative to an initial set of background conditions. For instance, if we accept English defeats after 1369 in the Hundred Years War as a given, then we may identify the high levels of taxation necessitated by these military reverses as the “main” cause of the Peasants Revolt of 1381. If instead we regard the financing of warfare by taxation in this period as a background condition, then we will see the English reverses themselves as the main cause of the revolt. However, neither ordinary life nor historical practice offer reliable criteria by which to distinguish causes from background conditions and thus to resolve historical debates about the relative importance of causes. And this difficulty casts doubt not only on the Marxist effort to identify a universal hierarchy of causes, but also on any attempt to identify an objective hierarchy of causes—even of the historically specific kind favored by non-Marxists. [br] According to the passage, most historians share the assumption that
选项
A、The most useful current model of historical causation is the historical-materialist model
B、Explaining a historical event requires ranking its causes by importance
C、The same hierarchy of causes underlies every historical event
D、Philosophical debates have limited utility for historical practice
E、Different causes of the same historical event sometimes have the same importance
答案
B
解析
根据most historians可将本题定位到第二段第一句the need to rank historical causes in some order of importance may seem obvious to most historians,因此选择含有“可以排序”这个意思的选项,选项B正确,A项 “历史唯物主义”是马克思的观点,不是大多数历史学家的观点。C项这也是马克思的观点。D项文中未提及。E项文中未提及。
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/3964257.html
相关试题推荐
HistorianE.HCarr’sthesisthatalldebatesconcerningtheexplanationof
HistorianE.HCarr’sthesisthatalldebatesconcerningtheexplanationof
HistorianSheilaghOgilviechallengestheviewthattrainingbyEuropeancra
HistorianSheilaghOgilviechallengestheviewthattrainingbyEuropeancra
HistorianF.W.Maitlandobservedthatlegaldocumentsarethebest—indeed,
AmongmanyhistoriansabeliefpersiststhatCottonMather’sbiographiesof
AmongmanyhistoriansabeliefpersiststhatCottonMather’sbiographiesof
HistorianColinCallowayarguesthatinthelatecolonialperiodprecedingt
HistorianColinCallowayarguesthatinthelatecolonialperiodprecedingt
Untilaround1930fewUnitedStatesCivilWarhistorianspaidmuchattention
随机试题
Undernocircumstances______withoutlookingcarefullytotherear.A、shouldoneb
Thesubjectofthislectureishorology,thescienceofmeasuringtime.The【
Thespatialdistributionofdifferentracialandethnicpopulations
科技档案是科技成果转化为生产力的中介和条件。()
标准项目由市住房和城乡建设委组织制定,由市质监局统一编号,市质监局和市住房和城乡
中国证券业协会的职责包括()。 Ⅰ.教育和组织会员遵守法律法规 Ⅱ.依法维
一位护士在与患者的交谈中,希望了解更多患者对其疾病的真实感受和治疗的看法。最适合
乙药品批准文号为国药准字Z20090010,其中Z表示A.化学药品 B.进口药
关于增值税制中的金融服务的说法,错误的是()。A.适用6%税率 B.金融
(2021年真题)除国家对采用高新技术成果有特别规定外,固定资产投资项目资本金中
最新回复
(
0
)