首页
登录
职称英语
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 28 - 40 which are based on Readin
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 28 - 40 which are based on Readin
游客
2025-02-17
11
管理
问题
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 28 - 40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.
CHILDREN’S THINKING
One of the most eminent of psychologists, Clark Hull, claimed that the essence of reasoning lies in the putting together of two ’behaviour segments’ in some novel way, never actually performed before, so as to reach a goal.
Two followers of Clark Hull, Howard and Tracey Kendler, devised a test for children that was explicitly based on Clark Hull’s principles. The children were given the task of learning to operate a machine so as to get a toy. In order to succeed they had to go through a two-stage sequence. The children were trained on each stage separately. The stages consisted merely of pressing the correct one of two buttons to get a marble; and of inserting the marble into a small hole to release the toy.
The Kendlers found that the children could learn the separate bits readily enough. Given the task of getting a marble by pressing the button they could get the marble; given the task of getting a toy when a marble was handed to them, they could use the marble.(All they had to do was put it in a hole.)But they did not for the most part ’integrate’, to use the Kendlers’ terminology. They did not press the button to get the marble and then proceed without further help to use the marble to get the toy. So the Kendlers concluded that they were incapable of deductive reasoning.
The mystery at first appears to deepen when we learn, from another psychologist, Michael Cole, and his colleagues, that adults in an African culture apparently cannot do the Kendlers’ task either. But it lessens, on the other hand, when we learn that a task was devised which was strictly analogous to the Kendlers’ one but much easier for the African males to handle.
Instead of the button-pressing machine, Cole used a locked box and two differently coloured match-boxes, one of which contained a key that would open the box. Notice that there are still two behaviour segments— ’ open the right matchbox to get the key’ and ’ use the key to open the box’ —so the task seems formally to be the same. But psychologically it is quite different. Now the subject is dealing not with a strange machine but with familiar meaningful objects; and it is clear to him what he is meant to do. It then turns out that the difficulty of ’ integration’ is greatly reduced.
Recent work by Simon Hewson is of great interest here for it shows that, for young children, too, the difficulty lies not in the inferential processes which the task demands, but in certain perplexing features of the apparatus and the procedure. When these are changed in ways which do not at all affect the inferential nature of the problem, then five-year-old children solve the problem as well as college students did in the Kendlers’ own experiments.
Hewson made two crucial changes. First, he replaced the button-pressing mechanism in the side panels by drawers in these panels which the child could open and shut. This took away the mystery from the first stage of training. Then he helped the child to understand that there was no ’ magic’ about the specific marble which, during the second stage of training, the experimenter handed to him so that the he could pop it in the hole and get the reward.
A child understands nothing, after all, about how a marble put into a hole can open a little door. How is he to know that any other marble of similar size will do just as well? Yet he must assume that if he is to solve the problem. Hewson made the functional equivalence of different marbles clear by playing a ’ swapping game’ with the children.
The two modifications together produced a jump in success rates from 30 per cent to 90 per cent for five-year-olds and from 35 per cent to 72.5 per cent for four-year-olds. For three-year-olds, for reasons that are still in need of clarification, no improvement - rather a slight drop in performance- resulted from the change.
We may conclude, then that children experience very real difficulty when faced with the Kendler apparatus; but this difficulty cannot be taken as proof that they are incapable of deductive reasoning.
Questions 28 - 35
Classify the following descriptions as referring to
Clark Hull CH
Howard and Tracey Kendler HTK
Michael Cole and colleagues MC
Simon Hewson SH
Write the appropriate letters in boxes 28 - 35 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any answer more than once. [br] ______used a machine to measure inductive reasoning that replaced button-pressing with drawer-opening.
选项
答案
SH
解析
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/3960478.html
相关试题推荐
Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions1—13whicharebasedonReading
Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions1—13whicharebasedonReading
Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions1—13whicharebasedonReading
DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassage
DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassage
Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions28-40whicharebasedonReadin
Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions28-40whicharebasedonReadin
Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions28-40whicharebasedonReadin
Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions28-40whicharebasedonReadin
DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationinReadingPassage2?In
随机试题
Asummaryofthephysicalandchemicalnatureoflifemustbegin;notonthe
[originaltext]W:SoMike,doyouhaveanybadhabits?M:Ofcoursenot.I’mp
小强在课堂上玩手机,班主任王老师上前制止,并没收了小强的手机,告知小强这节课不要
大比例尺地形图按矩形分隔时常采用的编号方法,是以图幅中的下列哪个数值来编号的?A
关于膀胱膨出的预防,以下哪项错误A.宫口未开全时,产妇不得向下屏气用力 B.宫
某人明知是伪造的支票,还持该票据到商场购物,该行为涉嫌构成( )。A.盗窃罪
下列各项,不属青皮主治病证的是( )。A.胸胁胀痛 B.乳房胀痛 C.食积
足球扣球是通过脚掌的波动使球向侧前方滚动。( )
某企业进行薪酬制度设计时,将员工的职位划分为若干个级别,按员工所处的职位级别确定
男性,36岁,因反复低热,左上腹饱胀感2个月入院,体查:中度贫血貌,全身浅表淋巴
最新回复
(
0
)