首页
登录
职称英语
MESOLITHIC COMPLEXITY IN SCANDINAVIA
MESOLITHIC COMPLEXITY IN SCANDINAVIA
游客
2025-02-04
12
管理
问题
MESOLITHIC COMPLEXITY IN SCANDINAVIA
(1)The European Mesolithic (roughly the period from 8000 B.C. to 2700 B.C.) testifies to a continuity in human culture from the times of the Ice Age. [A] This continuity, however, was based on continuous adjustment to environmental changes following the end of the last glacial period (about 12,500 years ago). [B] Three broad subdivisions within the northern Mesolithic are known in Scandinavia. [C] The Maglemose Period (7500 B.C.—5700 B.C.) was a time of seasonal exploitation of rivers and lakes, combined with terrestrial hunting and foraging. [D] The sites from the Kongemose Period (5700 B.C.—4600 B.C.) are mainly on the Baltic Sea coasts, along bays and near lagoons, where the people exploited both marine and terrestrial resources. Many Kongemose sites are somewhat larger than Maglemose ones. The Ertebolle Period (4600 B.C.—3200 B.C.) was the culmination of Mesolithic culture in southern Scandinavia.
(2) By the Ertebolle Period, the Scandinavia were occupying coastal settlements year-round and subsisting on a very wide range of food sources. These included forest game and waterfowl, shellfish, sea mammals, and both shallow-water and deepwater fish. There were smaller, seasonal coastal sites, too, for specific activities such as deepwater fishing, sealing, or hunting of migratory birds. One such site, the Aggersund site in Denmark, was occupied for short periods of time in the autumn, when the inhabitants collected oysters and hunted some game, especially migratory swans. Ertebolle technology was far more elaborate than that of its Mesolithic predecessors. A wide variety of antler, bone, and wood tools for socialized purposes such as fowling and sea-mammal hunting were developed, including dugout canoes up to ten meters long.
(3) Sedentary settlement comes evidence of greater social complexity in the use of cemeteries for burials and changes in burial practices. The trend toward more sedentary settlement, the cemeteries, and the occasional social differentiation revealed by elaborate burials are all reflections of an intensified use of resources among these relatively affluent hunter-gatherers of 3000 B.C. Mesolithic societies that intensified the food quest by exploiting many more species, making productive use of migratory waterfowl and their breeding grounds, and collecting shellfish in enormous numbers. This intensification is also reflected in a much more elaborate and diverse technology, more exchanges of goods and materials between neighbors, greater variety in settlement types, and a slowly rising population throughout southern Scandinavia. These phenomena may, in part, be a reflection of rising sea levels throughout the Mesolithic that flooded many cherished territories. There are signs, too, of regional variations in artifact forms and styles,
indicative of
culture differences between people living in well-delineated territories and competing for resources.
(4) Mesolithic cultures are much less well-defined elsewhere in Europe, partly because the climatic changes were less extreme than in southern Scandinavia and partly because there were fewer opportunities for coastal adaptation. In much of central Europe, settlement was
confined to
lakeside and riverside locations, widely separated from one another by dense forests. Marry Mesolithic lakeside sites were located in transitional zones between different environments so that the inhabitants could return to a central base location, where for much of the year they lived close to predictable resources such as lake fish However they would exploit both forest game and other seasonal resources from satellite camps. For example, the archaeologist Michael Jochim believes that some groups lived during most of the year in camps along the Danube River in central Europe, moving to summer encampments on the shores of neighboring lakes, In areas like Spain, there appears to have been intensified exploitation of marine and forest resources. There was a trend nearly everywhere toward greater variety in the diet, with more attention being paid to less obvious foods and to those that require more complex processing methods than do game and other such resources.
(5) Thus, in part of Europe, there was a long-term trend among hunter-gatherer societies toward a more extensive exploitation of food resources, often within the context of a strategy that sought ways to minimize the impact of environmental uncertainty.
In more favored southern Scandinavia, such societies achieved a new level of social complexity that was to become commonplace among later farming peoples, and this preadaptation proved an important catalyst for rapid economic and social changes when fanning did come to Europe.
[br] Paragraph 2 suggests that before the Ertebolle Period, hunting tools and other Mesolithic technologies ________.
选项
A、were available only in small coastal sites
B、were developed mainly in Denmark
C、were made mainly from animal bones
D、were somewhat simple
答案
D
解析
本题属于推论题,问根据第2段,在埃特博莱时期以前,狩猎工具和其他中石器时代的工艺是怎么样的。从原文第2段倒数第2句“埃特博莱的工艺远比中石器时代先辈们的复杂”可以推断出,埃特博莱时期之前的工艺比较简单,故选D项“比较简单”。A项“只有小的沿海地方才能找到”、B项“主要在丹麦得到发展”和C项“主要是用动物骨头制成的”均在原文中没有体现。
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/3941933.html
相关试题推荐
MESOLITHICCOMPLEXITYINSCANDINAVIA
MESOLITHICCOMPLEXITYINSCANDINAVIA
MESOLITHICCOMPLEXITYINSCANDINAVIA
MESOLITHICCOMPLEXITYINSCANDINAVIA
MESOLITHICCOMPLEXITYINSCANDINAVIA
MESOLITHICCOMPLEXITYINSCANDINAVIA
MESOLITHICCOMPLEXITYINSCANDINAVIA
MESOLITHICCOMPLEXITYINSCANDINAVIA
MESOLITHICCOMPLEXITYINSCANDINAVIA
MESOLITHICCOMPLEXITYINSCANDINAVIA
随机试题
Inordertoworkheretheforeignerneedsaworkpermit,whichmustbe【C1】__
SlowDownYourPaceofLife1.PutyourphoneawayAvoiddistractions:【T1】,emai
小学音乐《月亮月光光》 一、考题回顾
按泡沫喷射形式不同,低倍数泡沫灭火系统可分为()等类型。A.液上喷射泡沫系统
(2018年)2019年5月,某建筑安装公司(增值税一般纳税人)以清包工方式提供
A.少冲 B.少府 C.神门 D.通里 E.内关手少阴心经的络穴是
私募基金管理人在备案私募基金时,应如实填报的信息包括()。 Ⅰ.基金名称
A.血清K↑B.血清Cl↑C.血清Na↑D.血清Cl↓E.血清K↓采血时止血带缚
从所给的四个选项中,选择最合适的一个填入问号处,使之呈现一定的规律性: A
现代社会保障的核心内容是()。A.社会保险 B.社会救助 C.社会福利
最新回复
(
0
)