2. 职称英语
  3. 数字、模拟和混合计算机 数字计算机是对离散数据进行操作的计算设备。它直接对表示数字、字母或其它专用符号的数进行计算。正如数字表以秒、分来计算小时那样

数字、模拟和混合计算机 数字计算机是对离散数据进行操作的计算设备。它直接对表示数字、字母或其它专用符号的数进行计算。正如数字表以秒、分来计算小时那样

游客2025-01-24  0
问题    数字、模拟和混合计算机
   数字计算机是对离散数据进行操作的计算设备。它直接对表示数字、字母或其它专用符号的数进行计算。正如数字表以秒、分来计算小时那样，数字处理器也对离散数值进行计算以获得所需的输出结果。
   还存在一种与数字计算机相反的模拟计算机，它不直接对数进行计算。模拟计算机处理在连续标度上测量的变量并按预先规定的精度进行记录。例如：测量时，温度可精确到1／10摄氏度，电压可精确到1／100伏，压力可精确到“磅／平方英寸”。模拟计算机系统常用于控制诸如炼油厂中的流量和温度测量过程。
   有时把模拟和数字计算机的优点结合起来形成一个混合计算机系统。例如在医院重症监护室中，模拟部件可用于测量病号的心功能、体温和其它生理症状。然后把这些测量信号转换成数字并送给系统的数字部件，该部件用于监视病员生理症状，当检测到异常信号时，向护士值班室发出报警信号。
   很明显，模拟和混合处理器用于完成重要的特定任务。但绝大多数商业和科学用的计算机是数字计算机。
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答案    Digital, Analog, and Hybrid Computers
   A digital computer is a counting device that operates on discrete data. It operates by directly counting numbers ( or digits) that represent figures, letters, or other special symbols. Just as digital watches directly count off the seconds and minutes in an hour, digital processors also count discrete values to achieve the desired output results.
   In contrast to digital processors, however, there are also analog computers that do not compute directly with numbers. Rather, they deal with variables that are measured on a continuous scale and are recorded to some predetermined degree of accuracy. Temperature, for example, may be measured to the nearest tenth of a degree on the Celsius scale, voltage may be measured to the nearest hundredth of a volt, and pressure may be measured to the nearest "pounds per square inch" value. Analog computing systems are frequently used to control processes such as those found in an oil refinery where flow and temperature measurements are important.
   Desirable features of analog and digital machines are sometimes combined to create a hybrid computing system. In a hospital intensive-care unit, for example, analog devices may measure a patient’s heart function, temperature, and other vital signs. These measurements may then be converted into numbers and supplied to a digital component in the system. This component is used to monitor the patient’s vital signs and to send an immediate signal to a nurse’s station if any abnormal readings are detected.
   Analog and hybrid processors obviously perform important specialized tasks. But the overwhelming majority of all computers used for business and scientific applications are digital devices.
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