Bertrand Russell—The Analysis of

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问题 Bertrand Russell—The Analysis of Mind (Truth and Falsehood)
On the features which distinguish knowledge from accuracy of response in general, not much can be said from a behaviourist point of view without referring to purpose. But the necessity of SOMETHING besides accuracy of response may be brought out by the【C1】________consideration: Suppose two persons, of whom one believed【C2】________the other disbelieved, and disbelieved whatever the other【C3】________. So far as accuracy and sensitiveness of response alone are concerned,【C4】________would be nothing to choose between these two persons. A thermometer【C5】________went down for warm weather and up for cold might be just as【C6】________as the usual kind; and a person who always believes falsely is just as【C7】________an instrument as a person who always believes truly. The【C8】________and practical difference between them would be that the one【C9】________always believed falsely would quickly come to a bad end. This【C10】________once more that accuracy of response to stimulus does not alone【C11】________knowledge, but must be reinforced by appropriateness, i. e. suitability for【C12】________one’s purpose. This applies even in the apparently simple【C13】________of answering questions: if the purpose of the answers is to deceive, their【C14】________, not their truth, will be evidence of knowledge. The proportion of the【C15】________of appropriateness with accuracy in the definition of knowledge is difficult; it seems that both enter in, but that appropriateness is only required as regards the general type of response, not as regards each individual instance. [br] 【C8】

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