2. 职称英语
  3. Man, so the truism goes, lives increasingly in a man-made environment. This pl

Man, so the truism goes, lives increasingly in a man-made environment. This pl

游客2024-12-31  1
问题   Man, so the truism goes, lives increasingly in a man-made environment. This places a special burden on human immaturity, for it is plain that adapting to such variable conditions must depend very heavily on opportunities for learning, or whatever the processes are that are operative during immaturity. It must also mean that during immaturity man must master knowledge and skills that are either stored in the gene pool or learned by direct encounter, but which are contained in the culture pool--knowledge about values and history, skills as varied as an obligatory natural language or an optional mathematical one, as mute as levers or as articulate as myth telling.
  Yet, it would be a mistake to leap to the conclusion that because human immaturity makes possible high flexibility, therefore anything is possible for the species. Human traits were selected for their survival value over a four--to five-million-year period with a great acceleration of the selection process during the last half of that period. There were crucial, irreversible changes during that final man-making period: recession of formidable dentition, 50 percent increase in brain volume, the obstetrical paradox- bipedalism and strong pelvic girdle, larger brain through a smaller birth canal--immature brain at birth, and creation of what Washburn has called a "technical-social way of life," involving tool and symbol use.
  Note, however, that hominidization consisted principally of adaptations to conditions in the Pleistocene. These preadaptations, shaped in response to earlier habitat demands, are part of man’s evolutionary inheritance. This is not to say that close beneath the skin of man is a naked ape, that civilization is only a veneer. The technical-social way of life is a deep feature of the species adaptation. But we would err if we assumed a priori that man’s inheritance placed no constraint on his power to adapt. Some of the preadaptations can be shown to be presently maladaptive. Man’s inordinate fondness for fats and sweets no longer serves his individual survival well. And the human obsession with sexuality is plainly not fitted for survival of the species now, however well it might have served to population the upper Pliocene and the Pleistocene. Nevertheless, note that the species responds typically to these challenges by technical innovation rather than by morphological or behavioral change. Contraception dissociates sexuality from reproduction. We do not, of course, know what kinds and what range of stresses are produced by successive rounds of such technical innovation. Dissociating sexuality and reproduction, for example, surely produces changes in the structure of the family, which in turn redefine the role of women, which in turn alters the authority pattern affecting the child, etc. continuing and possible acceleration change seems inherent in such adaptation. And this, of course, places and enormous pressure on man’s uses of immaturity, preparing the young for unforeseeable change-the more so if there are severe restraints imposed by human preadaptations to earlier conditions of life.  [br] The author uses the term preadaptation to describe traits that ______.
选项 A、were useful to earlier human beings but have since lost their utility
B、appeared in response to the need to learn a natural language and the use of tools
C、humans currently exhibit but that developed in response to conditions of an earlier age
D、are disadvantageous to creatures whose way of life is primarily technical and social
答案 C
解析 细节题。先要理解preadaptation的含义，作者认为它是人类对较早时期落后状况所做出的要生存的反应(现在或许不再存在了)。这在C的内容里可以找到。作者确是提到preadaptation可能不再有用或者可能是有害的，但这不是preadaptation的特征。在说到某个具体情况时，作者改用了maladaptation。A可能是第二个最好的选择，但还是错的。D的错误与A相似。B的内容里尽管有文章中提到的词汇，但是答非所问。
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