首页
登录
职称英语
Early in the film "A Beautiful Mind", the mathematician John Nash is seen si
Early in the film "A Beautiful Mind", the mathematician John Nash is seen si
游客
2024-12-27
6
管理
问题
Early in the film "A Beautiful Mind", the mathematician John Nash is seen sitting in a Princeton courtyard, hunched over a playing board covered with small black and white pieces that look like pebbles. He was playing Go, an ancient Asian game. Frustration at losing that game inspired the real Nash to pursue the mathematics of game theory, research for which he eventually was awarded a Nobel Prize.
In recent years, computer experts, particularly those specializing in artificial intelligence, have felt the same fascination and frustration. Programming other board games has been a relative snap. Even chess has succumbed to the power of the processor. Five years ago, a chess-playing computer called Deep Blue not only beat but thoroughly humbled Garry Kasparov, the world champion at that time. That is because chess, while highly complex, can be reduced to a matter of brute force computation. Go is different. Deceptively easy to learn, either for a computer or a human, it is a game of such depth and complexity that it can take years for a person to become a strong player. To date, no computer has been able to achieve a skill level beyond that of the casual player.
The game is played on a board divided into a grid of 19 horizontal and 19 vertical lines. Black and white pieces called stones are placed one at a time on the grid’s intersections. The object is to acquire and defend territory by surrounding it with stones. Programmers working on Go see it as more accurate than chess in reflecting the ways the human mind works. The challenge of programming a computer to mimic that process goes to the core of artificial intelligence, which involves the study of learning and decision-making, strategic thinking, knowledge representation, pattern recognition and perhaps most intriguingly, intuition.
Along with intuition, pattern recognition is a large part of the game. While computers are good at crunching numbers, people are naturally good at matching patterns. Humans can recognize an acquaintance at a glance, even from the back.
Daniel Bump, a mathematics professor at Stanford, works on a program called GNU Go in his spare time.
"You can very quickly look at a chess game and see if there’s some major issue," he said. But to make a decision in Go, he said, players must learn to combine their pattern-matching abilities with the logic and knowledge they have accrued in years of playing.
"Part of the challenge has to do with processing speed. The typical chess program can evaluate about 300,000 positions in a second, and Deep Blue was able to evaluate some 200 million positions in a second. By mid-game, most Go programs can evaluate only a couple of dozen positions each second," said Anders Kierulf, who wrote a program called SmartGo.
In the course of a chess game, a player has an average of 25 to 35 moves available. In Go, on the other hand, a player can choose from an average of 240 moves. A Go-playing computer would need about 30,000 years to look as far ahead as Deep Blue can with chess in three Seconds, said Michael Reiss, a computer scientist in London. But the obstacles go deeper than processing power. Not only do Go programs have trouble evaluating positions quickly; they have trouble evaluating them correctly. Nonetheless, the allure of computer Go increases as the difficulties it poses encourage programmers to advance basic work in artificial intelligence.
For that reason, Fotland said, "writing a strong Go program will teach us more about making computers think like people than writing a strong chess program. " [br] What does the sentence "Programming other board games has been a relative snap. " (Paragraph 2) indicate?
选项
A、Programming other board games has been relatively easy.
B、Programming other board games has been relatively difficult.
C、Programming other board games has been relatively complicated.
D、Programming other board games has been relatively predictabl
答案
A
解析
这句话的理解难度一方面在于词汇“snap”,另一方面要求结合上下文。snap原意为“(树枝等的)突然折断;(鞭子等的)突然抽打;突然的撕咬,猛咬”,结合下文可见象棋编程已成功,因此此句指除围棋外的其他棋类变成相对较简单,一折即断。故答案为A。
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/3886732.html
相关试题推荐
Earlyinthefilm"ABeautifulMind",themathematicianJohnNashisseensi
Earlyinthefilm"ABeautifulMind",themathematicianJohnNashisseensi
PatriciaFleetisdistinguishedwithherbeautifulvoicewhichwonherthenatio
Earlyinthefilm"ABeautifulMind",themathematicianJohnNashisseensi
Earlyinthefilm"ABeautifulMind",themathematicianJohnNashisseensi
Earlyinthefilm"ABeautifulMind",themathematicianJohnNashisseensi
Tobecalledbeautifulisthoughttonamesomethingessentialtowomen’scha
Tobecalledbeautifulisthoughttonamesomethingessentialtowomen’scha
Tobecalledbeautifulisthoughttonamesomethingessentialtowomen’scha
Tobecalledbeautifulisthoughttonamesomethingessentialtowomen’scha
随机试题
Doctorsbaffledbyanunexplainedrashonpeople’searsorcheeksshouldbe
Politicalpowerhasbeenplacedinthehandsofthe______.A、multitudeB、magnitu
下面旋律调式中,商音的音名是( )。 A.D B.bB C.E D.C
数字表中第2列四个数字之积的个位对应的符号是()。
患者男性,70岁。小学文化,农民,既往有高血压、咳嗽的病史,近日咳嗽加重,入院诊
公民在法律面前人人平等可以做出如下理解()。A.公民的立法平等 B.公民
脑中氨的主要代谢去路是( )。A.合成尿素 B.合成丙氨酸 C.合成非必需
根据我国证券交易所的相关规定,买卖、申购、赎回ETF的基金份额时应遵守的规定有(
A.急救时病人需保持安静,避免声音、光线刺激 B.对肝脏损害较大,出现黄疸、肝
成牙本质细胞突起形成的结构是A.釉质生长线B.釉板C.釉丛D.釉梭E.绞釉
最新回复
(
0
)