首页
登录
职称英语
Early in the film "A Beautiful Mind", the mathematician John Nash is seen si
Early in the film "A Beautiful Mind", the mathematician John Nash is seen si
游客
2024-12-29
26
管理
问题
Early in the film "A Beautiful Mind", the mathematician John Nash is seen sitting in a Princeton courtyard, hunched over a playing board covered with small black and white pieces that look like pebbles. He was playing Go, an ancient Asian game. Frustration at losing that game inspired the real Nash to pursue the mathematics of game theory, research for which he eventually was awarded a Nobel Prize.
In recent years, computer experts, particularly those specializing in artificial intelligence, have felt the same fascination and frustration. Programming other board games has been a relative snap. Even chess has succumbed to the power of the processor. Five years ago, a chess-playing computer called Deep Blue not only beat but thoroughly humbled Garry Kasparov, the world champion at that time. That is because chess, while highly complex, can be reduced to a matter of brute force computation. Go is different. Deceptively easy to learn, either for a computer or a human, it is a game of such depth and complexity that it can take years for a person to become a strong player. To date, no computer has been able to achieve a skill level beyond that of the casual player.
The game is played on a board divided into a grid of 19 horizontal and 19 vertical lines. Black and white pieces called stones are placed one at a time on the grid’s intersections. The object is to acquire and defend territory by surrounding it with stones. Programmers working on Go see it as more accurate than chess in reflecting the ways the human mind works. The challenge of programming a computer to mimic that process goes to the core of artificial intelligence, which involves the study of learning and decision-making, strategic thinking, knowledge representation, pattern recognition and perhaps most intriguingly, intuition.
Along with intuition, pattern recognition is a large part of the game. While computers are good at crunching numbers, people are naturally good at matching patterns. Humans can recognize an acquaintance at a glance, even from the back.
Daniel Bump, a mathematics professor at Stanford, works on a program called GNU Go in his spare time.
"You can very quickly look at a chess game and see if there’s some major issue," he said. But to make a decision in Go, he said, players must learn to combine their pattern-matching abilities with the logic and knowledge they have accrued in years of playing.
"Part of the challenge has to do with processing speed. The typical chess program can evaluate about 300,000 positions in a second, and Deep Blue was able to evaluate some 200 million positions in a second. By mid-game, most Go programs can evaluate only a couple of dozen positions each second," said Anders Kierulf, who wrote a program called SmartGo.
In the course of a chess game, a player has an average of 25 to 35 moves available. In Go, on the other hand, a player can choose from an average of 240 moves. A Go-playing computer would need about 30,000 years to look as far ahead as Deep Blue can with chess in three seconds, said Michael Reiss, a computer scientist in London. But the obstacles go deeper than processing power. Not only do Go programs have trouble evaluating positions quickly; they have trouble evaluating them correctly. Nonetheless, the allure of computer Go increases as the difficulties it poses encourage programmers to advance basic work in artificial intelligence.
For that reason, Fotland said, "writing a strong Go program will teach us more about making computers think like people than writing a strong chess program. " [br] Which writing skill is NOT employed in this passage?
选项
A、Comparison.
B、Contrast.
C、Exemplification.
D、Definition.
答案
D
解析
以下哪项写作手法没有运用在文中?A选项的“比较”,侧重于两者相似处的比较,文章一开始数学家约翰·纳什与下文科学家们对围棋的痴迷与迷茫是相似的比较;B选项“对比”强调两者的反差,文中多处将象棋与围棋进行对比显示围棋之复杂;C选项的“例证”体现在计算机“深蓝”这一例子的使用。只有D选项的“下定义”没有用到。
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/3889950.html
相关试题推荐
Earlyinthefilm"ABeautifulMind",themathematicianJohnNashisseensi
Earlyinthefilm"ABeautifulMind",themathematicianJohnNashisseensi
Earlyinthefilm"ABeautifulMind",themathematicianJohnNashisseensi
Earlyinthefilm"ABeautifulMind",themathematicianJohnNashisseensi
Earlyinthefilm"ABeautifulMind",themathematicianJohnNashisseensi
WhichareaiscalledtheGardenofEnglandandisfamousforbeautifulblossoms
Earlyinthefilm"ABeautifulMind",themathematicianJohnNashisseensi
Tobecalledbeautifulisthoughttonamesomethingessentialtowomen’scha
Tobecalledbeautifulisthoughttonamesomethingessentialtowomen’scha
Tobecalledbeautifulisthoughttonamesomethingessentialtowomen’scha
随机试题
TASKONE--THEJOBOFTHESPEAKER•Forquestions13-17,matchtheextractswitht
BydrawingontheWorldBank’sprojectionsofsocioeconomicdevelopmentove
Trainingnewstaffshould(conduct)______assoonaspossibleaftertheyarehired
高校毕业生就业的主要工作职责有哪些?()A.开展毕业教育和就业指导工作 B.
因使用大量的对象而造成很大的存储开销时,适合采用( )模式进行对象共享,以减少
2001-120.虚劳属肝阴虚者,可见 A.眩晕耳鸣B.腰酸遗精C.二
“本土药企未来在________的过程中,不仅要聚焦发达国家,还要关注到一带一路
(2015年真题)患者,女,70岁,拟行膝关节置换术,无磺胺类药过敏史,皮试结果
某分洪闸位于河道堤防上,该闸最大分洪流量为300m3/s,河道提放级别为2级。
下列项目施工质量成本中,属于外部质量保证成本的是( )。A.编写施工项目质量工
最新回复
(
0
)