In sixteenth-century Italy and eighteenth-century France, waning prosperity

游客2024-12-03 2

问题 In sixteenth-century Italy and eighteenth-century France, waning
prosperity and increasing social unrest led the ruling families to try to
preserve their superiority by withdrawing from the lower and middle
classes behind barriers of etiquette. In a prosperous community, in the【M1】______
other hand, polite society soon absorbs the newly rich, and in England
there has never been any shortage of books by etiquette for teaching【M2】______
them the manners appropriate to their new way of life. Every code of
etiquette has contained three elements: basic moral duties; practical
rules which promote efficiency; and artificial, optional graces such as
formal compliments and say, women on their beauty or superiors on【M3】______
their generosity and importance. In the first category are
considerations to the weak and respect for age. Among the ancient【M4】______
Egyptians the young always stand in the presence of older people.【M5】______
Among the Mponguwe of Tanzania, the young men bow as they
pass the huts of the elders. In England, until about a century ago, young
children did not sit in their parents’ presence without asking permit.【M6】______
Practical rules are helpful in such ordinary occurrences of social
life as making proper introductions at parties or other functions so that
people can be brought to know each other. Before the discovery of【M7】______
the fork, etiquette directed that the fingers should be kept as cleaner as【M8】______
possible; before the handkerchief came into common use, etiquette
suggested that after spitting, a person should rub the spit inconspicuously
underfoot. Extremely refined behavior, therefore, cultivated as an art【M9】______
of gracious living, which has been characteristic only of societies with【M10】______
wealth and leisure, which admitted women as the social equals of men. [br] 【M2】

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