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  3. Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise

Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise

游客2024-11-30  12
问题     Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards,
from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity.
Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their
consequences, argue that rewards cannot improve performance 【M1】______
at work and school. Cognitive researchers, who study various
aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy
creativity by encouraging independence on approval and gifts 【M2】______
from others.
    The later view has gained many supporters, especially 【M3】______
among educators. But the careful use of small monetary rewards
speak creativity in grade-school children, suggesting that 【M4】 ______
properly presented inducements (刺激) indeed aid inventiveness,
according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and
Social Psychology. "If kids know they’re working for a reward
and can focus on a relative challenging task, they show the 【M5】______
most creativity," says Robert Eisenberger of the University of
Delaware in Newark. "But it’s easy to kill creativity through 【M6】______
giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much
anticipation of rewards." 【M7】______
    A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or
who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up 【M8】______
uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the
latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to
tighten grading standards and restore failing grades.
In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies,
in that students handle challenging problems and receive 【M9】______
performance-based points toward valued rewards, show promise 【M10】______
in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims. [br] 【M1】
选项
答案 cannot—can
解析 通读全文可知，本文通过Psychologists的观点引出其反对观点和支持观点，并对两种观点进行讨论。由首段第二句中的谓语argue(“据理争辩”)可知，Behaviorists是在反对Psychologists的观点；第三句中的谓语maintain(“坚信”)则表明支持Psychologists观点的是Cognitive researchers。因此，Behaviorists表达的观点应该是rewards can improve performance at work and school，即“奖励可以改善人们在工作或学习中的表现”，故将cannot改为can。
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