首页
登录
职称英语
(1) Early in the film "A Beautiful Mind", the mathematician John Nash is seen
(1) Early in the film "A Beautiful Mind", the mathematician John Nash is seen
游客
2024-09-07
13
管理
问题
(1) Early in the film "A Beautiful Mind", the mathematician John Nash is seen sitting in a Princeton courtyard, hunched over a playing board covered with small black and white pieces that look like pebbles. He was playing Go(围棋), an ancient Asian game. Frustration at losing that game inspired the real Nash to pursue the mathematics of game theory, research for which he eventually was awarded a Nobel Prize.
(2) In recent years, computer experts, particularly those specializing in artificial intelligence, have felt the same fascination and frustration. Programming other board games has been a relative snap. Even chess has succumbed to the power of the processor. Five years ago, a chess-playing computer called Deep Blue not only beat but thoroughly humbled Garry Kasparov, the world champion at that time. That is because chess, while highly complex, can be reduced to a matter of brute force computation. Go is different. Deceptively easy to learn, either for a computer or a human, it is a game of such depth and complexity that it can take years for a person to become a strong player. Today, no computer has been able to achieve a skill level beyond that of the casual player.
(3) The game is played on a board divided into a grid of 19 horizontal and 19 vertical lines. Black and white pieces called stones are placed one at a time on the grid’s intersections. The object is to acquire and defend territory by surrounding it with stones. Programmers working on Go see it as more accurate than chess in reflecting the ways the human mind works. The challenge of programming a computer to mimic that process goes to the core of artificial intelligence, which involves the study of learning and decision-making, strategic thinking, knowledge representation, pattern recognition and perhaps most intriguingly, intuition.
(4) Along with intuition, pattern recognition is a large part of the game. While computers are good at processing numbers, people are naturally good at matching patterns. Humans can recognize an acquaintance at a glance, even from the back.
(5) Daniel Bump, a mathematics professor at Stanford, works on a program called GNU Go in his spare time.
(6) "You can very quickly look at a chess game and see if there’s some major issue," he said. But to make a decision in Go, he said, players must learn to combine their pattern-matching abilities with the logic and knowledge they have accrued in years of playing.
(7) One measure of the challenge the game poses is the performance of Go computer programs. The past five years have yielded incremental improvements but no breakthroughs, said David Fotland, a programmer and chip designer in San Jose, California, who created and sells The Many Faces of Go, one of the few commercial Go programs.
(8) Part of the challenge has to do with processing speed. The typical chess program can evaluate about 300,000 positions in a second, and Deep Blue was able to evaluate some 200 million positions in a second. By midgame, most Go programs can evaluate only a couple of dozen positions each second, said Anders Kierulf, who wrote a program called SmartGo.
(9) In the course of a chess game, a player has an average of 25 to 35 moves available. In Go, on the other hand, a player can choose from an average of 240 moves. A Go-playing computer would need about 30,000 years to look as far ahead as Deep Blue can with chess in three seconds, said Michael Reiss, a computer scientist in London. But the obstacles go deeper than processing power. Not only do Go programs have trouble evaluating positions quickly: they have trouble evaluating them correctly. Nonetheless, the allure of computer Go increases as the difficulties it poses encourages programmers to advance basic work in artificial intelligence.
(10) Reiss, an expert in neural networks, compared a human being’s ability to recognize a strong or weak position in Go with the ability to distinguish between an image of a chair and one of a bicycle. Both tasks, he said are hugely difficult for a computer.
(11) For that reason, Fotland said, "Writing a strong Go program will teach us more about making computers think like people than writing a strong chess program." [br] The commercial Go computer program is definitely______.
选项
A、GNU Go
B、The Many Faces of Go
C、SmartGo
D、Go Winner
答案
B
解析
对应原文倒数第五段:…who created and sells The Many Faces of Go,one of the few commercial Go programs.其他三种程序文中未明确提到是否成了商用软件。
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/3747234.html
相关试题推荐
(1)Earlyinthefilm"ABeautifulMind",themathematicianJohnNashisseen
(1)Earlyinthefilm"ABeautifulMind",themathematicianJohnNashisseen
(1)Earlyinthefilm"ABeautifulMind",themathematicianJohnNashisseen
Ireland______beautifulbeaches,greatrestaurantsandfriendlylocals.A、boostsB
EarlyinthefilmABeautifulMind,the【C1】______JohnNashisseensittingina
EarlyinthefilmABeautifulMind,the【C1】______JohnNashisseensittingina
EarlyinthefilmABeautifulMind,the【C1】______JohnNashisseensittingina
Inthesentence"Thisbeautifulvillageremainsunknowntotherestoftheworld
Theartististhecreatorofbeautifulthings.Torevealartand【C1】______thear
Theartististhecreatorofbeautifulthings.Torevealartand【C1】______thear
随机试题
舞龙(dragondance)是中华文化中一种传统的舞蹈表演形式。传统上来讲,其表演动作象征着龙的历史地位,展示了力量与尊贵。舞龙起源于汉代(theHan
Iwastoldtostayawayoutthedangerousinstruments.out改成from
Americans’circleofcloseconfidantshasshrunkdramaticallyinthepasttw
(1)Simplywalkingthroughanunfamiliarneighborhoodcanmakeyoufeelmore
Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowritealetterofappealcallingfo
描述肝内外胆管扩张,不正确的是A.扩张的胆管多位于门静脉的背侧 B.扩张的肝内
产程中,以下列何项判断胎头的高低A.耻骨联合上与胎头的关系 B.胎头双顶径与坐
按照房地产用途(功能),房地产市场可分为( )。A.区域房地产市场 B.居住
()是依据行业特点,企业规模、未来战略重点发展的业务及业务模式,对企业人力资源
下列关于上市公司公司债券投资者权益保护制度的表述中,符合证券法律制度规定的是(
最新回复
(
0
)