首页
登录
职称英语
(1) Early in the film "A Beautiful Mind", the mathematician John Nash is seen
(1) Early in the film "A Beautiful Mind", the mathematician John Nash is seen
游客
2024-09-07
36
管理
问题
(1) Early in the film "A Beautiful Mind", the mathematician John Nash is seen sitting in a Princeton courtyard, hunched over a playing board covered with small black and white pieces that look like pebbles. He was playing Go(围棋), an ancient Asian game. Frustration at losing that game inspired the real Nash to pursue the mathematics of game theory, research for which he eventually was awarded a Nobel Prize.
(2) In recent years, computer experts, particularly those specializing in artificial intelligence, have felt the same fascination and frustration. Programming other board games has been a relative snap. Even chess has succumbed to the power of the processor. Five years ago, a chess-playing computer called Deep Blue not only beat but thoroughly humbled Garry Kasparov, the world champion at that time. That is because chess, while highly complex, can be reduced to a matter of brute force computation. Go is different. Deceptively easy to learn, either for a computer or a human, it is a game of such depth and complexity that it can take years for a person to become a strong player. Today, no computer has been able to achieve a skill level beyond that of the casual player.
(3) The game is played on a board divided into a grid of 19 horizontal and 19 vertical lines. Black and white pieces called stones are placed one at a time on the grid’s intersections. The object is to acquire and defend territory by surrounding it with stones. Programmers working on Go see it as more accurate than chess in reflecting the ways the human mind works. The challenge of programming a computer to mimic that process goes to the core of artificial intelligence, which involves the study of learning and decision-making, strategic thinking, knowledge representation, pattern recognition and perhaps most intriguingly, intuition.
(4) Along with intuition, pattern recognition is a large part of the game. While computers are good at processing numbers, people are naturally good at matching patterns. Humans can recognize an acquaintance at a glance, even from the back.
(5) Daniel Bump, a mathematics professor at Stanford, works on a program called GNU Go in his spare time.
(6) "You can very quickly look at a chess game and see if there’s some major issue," he said. But to make a decision in Go, he said, players must learn to combine their pattern-matching abilities with the logic and knowledge they have accrued in years of playing.
(7) One measure of the challenge the game poses is the performance of Go computer programs. The past five years have yielded incremental improvements but no breakthroughs, said David Fotland, a programmer and chip designer in San Jose, California, who created and sells The Many Faces of Go, one of the few commercial Go programs.
(8) Part of the challenge has to do with processing speed. The typical chess program can evaluate about 300,000 positions in a second, and Deep Blue was able to evaluate some 200 million positions in a second. By midgame, most Go programs can evaluate only a couple of dozen positions each second, said Anders Kierulf, who wrote a program called SmartGo.
(9) In the course of a chess game, a player has an average of 25 to 35 moves available. In Go, on the other hand, a player can choose from an average of 240 moves. A Go-playing computer would need about 30,000 years to look as far ahead as Deep Blue can with chess in three seconds, said Michael Reiss, a computer scientist in London. But the obstacles go deeper than processing power. Not only do Go programs have trouble evaluating positions quickly: they have trouble evaluating them correctly. Nonetheless, the allure of computer Go increases as the difficulties it poses encourages programmers to advance basic work in artificial intelligence.
(10) Reiss, an expert in neural networks, compared a human being’s ability to recognize a strong or weak position in Go with the ability to distinguish between an image of a chair and one of a bicycle. Both tasks, he said are hugely difficult for a computer.
(11) For that reason, Fotland said, "Writing a strong Go program will teach us more about making computers think like people than writing a strong chess program." [br] The word "snap" in Paragraph 2 means______.
选项
A、a photo
B、a sudden sharp cracking sound
C、a sudden attempt to grasp
D、an easy job
答案
D
解析
词义理解题。从第二段第二句的"Programming other board games has been a relativesnap.”以及最后一句的“Go is different….Today,no tomputer has been able to achieve…”得知,编写其他棋盘游戏的程序相对简单,而围棋则不同。今天没有哪个计算机能够做到。这说明“snap”表示“容易”。
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/3747232.html
相关试题推荐
(1)Earlyinthefilm"ABeautifulMind",themathematicianJohnNashisseen
(1)Earlyinthefilm"ABeautifulMind",themathematicianJohnNashisseen
(1)Earlyinthefilm"ABeautifulMind",themathematicianJohnNashisseen
EarlyinthefilmABeautifulMind,the【C1】______JohnNashisseensittingina
EarlyinthefilmABeautifulMind,the【C1】______JohnNashisseensittingina
EarlyinthefilmABeautifulMind,the【C1】______JohnNashisseensittingina
Inthesentence"Thisbeautifulvillageremainsunknowntotherestoftheworld
Theartististhecreatorofbeautifulthings.Torevealartand【C1】______thear
Theartististhecreatorofbeautifulthings.Torevealartand【C1】______thear
Theartististhecreatorofbeautifulthings.Torevealartand【C1】______thear
随机试题
FrictionbetweenAmerica’smilitaryanditscivilianoverseersisnothingne
Andonceyou’vedecidedwhereyou’regoing,youcaneasilypurchaseyourticket
NotonlycouldSmithidentifyrockstratabythefossilstheycontained,he
Wehavejustboughtalargequantityofhigh—qualityspoilsshoes,andweare
汗证,“无论昏醒,浸浸自出者,名曰自汗;或睡着汗出,即名盗汗,或云寝汗。”载于
关于因外币借款而发生的汇兑差额,下列说法正确的有( )。A.资本化期间内因外币一
(2013年真题)现场组焊的球形储罐,应制作()三块产品焊接试板。A.立焊、角
关于电子招标投标的说法,正确的是( )。A.投标人在投标截止时间前不得补充.修改
氢氯噻嗪的主要作用部位在A.集合管 B.髓袢升支 C.远曲小管的近端 D.
共用题干 27岁,初产妇。妊娠39周,规律宫缩6小时,枕左前位,估计胎儿体重2
最新回复
(
0
)