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  3. (1) Men and women tend to choose different career paths, and researchers have

(1) Men and women tend to choose different career paths, and researchers have

游客2024-09-04  8
问题    (1) Men and women tend to choose different career paths, and researchers have identified this as the biggest reason men make more money. So if men and women were equally represented across all occupations, would it close that gender pay gap?
   (2) Teaching is just one example of an occupation segregated along gender lines. According to the Labor Department, about 80 percent of elementary- and middle-school teachers are women. A wide array of other jobs in the United States are overwhelmingly done by one gender or the other—from low-wage cafeteria workers (61 percent women) all the way up to the C-suite (75 percent of chief executives are men).
   (3) But according to a study released on July 13 by the job-search site CareerBuilder, that could be changing. Women are entering traditionally male-dominated jobs in greater numbers, and vice versa. One of the more dramatic examples: A full 95 percent of firefighters are men, but nearly a third of new firefighters hired since 2009 have been women, according to the study. On the other side of the coin, just 20 percent of elementary school teachers are men, yet men make up nearly half of all new hires in the field over the past eight years.
   (4) The softening of those gendered barriers, and evolving perceptions of which jobs are appropriate for whom, is a product of fundamental changes in the US economy, and, if the trend continues, could inch women closer to equal pay with their male counterparts. But it’s not a silver bullet. The pay gap is a multifaceted problem without a clean fix—men still out-earn women even within the same occupations, and a dearth of women at the top of the career ladder persists.
   (5) "We could have perfect gender parity and still have a pay gap, but it’s still good news," says Emily Liner, an economist and senior policy advisor. Gender parity hasn’t improved markedly for every career, but the study finds that women have made inroads in the past eight years in occupations including CEOs, lawyers, web developers, dentists, sales managers, marketing managers, chemists, and financial analysts. There’s even been a big increase in women hired as sports coaches and scouts. Some of these shifts for men and women are borne out elsewhere. According to the US Census Bureau, the number of men in nursing careers, while still small, has tripled since the 1970s.
   (6) A number of factors could be driving that migration. For men, Ms. Liner says, the evolution into a service economy is altering perceptions of what is acceptable work. " Automation and globalization are the reasons men are considering jobs they may not have before," she says. For both men and women, seeing peers take those less conventional career paths can get the ball rolling toward gender parity even faster. "It’s, ’ I know someone who does this who is similar to me. ’ That might be causing some acceleration there. "
   (7) In terms of increasing the 80 cents a woman earns for every dollar a man does, easing the job market’s gender segregation could play a big role. Liner, in her research on how gender is linked to salaries, found that jobs that account for the top 10 percent of earnings in the US are almost entirely male-dominated. In contrast, women occupy over two-thirds of the lowest-wage jobs that the Labor Department tracks—entry-level retail and food service positions. Even within those low-wage categories, there are often stark gender divides. Parking lot attendants, for example, are overwhelmingly male, and they make about $3,000 more per year on average than cashiers, who skew female.
   (8) Historically, too, just the influx of women or men into certain careers has influenced their prestige and earning potential. Computer programming started out as unglamorous work done primarily by women, but became better-paying and respected as men became the majority. The reverse is true for a number of jobs now occupied primarily by women.
   (9) But not all of them. Pharmacists make up an occupational group that has both increased the number of women in its ranks over the long term and retained high earnings. Pharmacy is the second-highest-paying profession in the US, and has a smaller pay gap than other prestigious fields, including business and law. In a 2014 speech, Harvard labor economist Claudia Goldin credited the job’s flexibility, made possible by technology and the standardization of the work itself, as a major factor in its ability to recruit women and retain them even as they start families. [br] What is the implied message of the last paragraph?
选项 A、Women are trying to find jobs in fields with a smaller pay gap.
B、The pharmacy profession seems to be more tolerant towards women than the business profession.
C、Most prestigious professions will long be monopolized by men.
D、Women tend to earn more in technical and standardized careers.
答案 D
解析 推断题。原文最后一段第二、三句指出，药剂师行业是长期以来女性人数增加且保持高收入的一个行业，而且相较其他有声望的行业，其收入差距更小，而最后一句分析其原因认为，这个行业的工作标准化程度高，且有一定的技术含量，这能够保证女性的职业稳定性，当然由于这是一个高收入行业，也可以保证女性能够获取较高的收入，这说明在技术性和标准化程度高的行业，女性收入更高，故D为答案。最后一段虽然分析了收入差距小的行业，但是并没有说女性试图在这样的行业寻找工作，故排除A；本段第三句提到药剂师行业比商务行业收入差距小，但并没有比较它们在接纳女性方面的差异，故排除B；作者提到几个有声望的行业，是为了比较它们的收入差异，而不是说它们都被男性占据，C不符合文意，故排除。
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