首页
登录
职称英语
How Much Higher? How Much Faster?A)Since the early years of
How Much Higher? How Much Faster?A)Since the early years of
游客
2024-04-22
15
管理
问题
How Much Higher? How Much Faster?
A)Since the early years of the twentieth century, when the International Athletic Federation began keeping records, there has been a steady improvement in how fast athletes run, how high they jump and how far they are able to hurl massive objects, themselves included, through space.
B)For the so-called power events—that require a relatively brief, explosive release of energy, like the 100-metre sprint and the long jump-times and distances have improved ten to twenty percent. In the endurance events the results have been more dramatic. At the 1908 Olympics, John Hayes of the U.S. team ran to marathon in a time of 2:55:18. In 1999, Morocco’s Khalid Khannouchi set a new world record of 2:05:42, almost thirty percent faster.
C)No one theory can explain improvements in performance, but the most important factor has been genetics. "The athlete must choose his parents carefully," says Jesus Dapena, a sports scientist at Indiana University, invoking an oft-cited adage.
D)Over the past century, the composition of the human gene pool has not changed appreciably, but with increasing global participation in athletics-and greater rewards to tempt athletes-it is more likely that individuals possessing the unique complement of genes for athletic performance can be identified early. "Was there someone like[sprinter]Michael Johnson in the 1920s?" Dapena asks. "I’m sure there was, but his talent was probably never realized."
E)Identifying genetically talented individuals is only the first step. Michael Yessis, an emeritus professor of Sports Science at California State University at Fullerton, maintains that "genetics only determines about one third of what an athlete can do. But with the right training we can go much further with that one third than we’ve been going." Yessis believes that U.S. runners, despite their impressive achievements, are "running on their genetics".
F)By applying more scientific methods, "they’re going to go much faster". These methods include strength training that duplicates what they are doing in their running events as well as plyometrics, a technique pioneered in the former Soviet Union.
G)Whereas most exercises are designed to build up strength or endurance, plyometrics focuses on increasing power—the rate at which an athlete can expend energy. When a sprinter runs, Yesis explains, her foot stays in contact with the ground for just under a tenth of a second, half of which is devoted to landing and the other half to pushing off. Plyometric exercises help athletes make the best use of this brief interval.
H)Nutrition is another area that sports trainers have failed to address adequately. "Many athletes are not getting the best nutrition, even through supplements," Yessis insists. Each activity has its own nutritional needs. Few coaches, for instance, understand how deficiencies in trace minerals can lead to injuries.
I)Focused training will also play a role in enabling records to be broken. "If we applied the Russian training model to some of the outstanding runners we have in this country," Yessis asserts, "they would be breaking records left and right." He will not predict by how much, however: "Exactly what the limits are it’s hard to say, but there will be increases even if only by hundredths of a second, as long as our training continues to improve."
J)One of the most important new methodologies is biomechanics, the study of the body in motion. A biomechanic films an athlete in action and then digitizes her performance, recording the motion of every joint and limb in three dimensions. By applying Newton’ s law to these motions, "we can say that this athlete’ s run is not fast enough; that this one is not using his arms strongly enough during take-off," says Dapena, who uses these methods to help high jumpers. To date, however, biomechanics has made only a small difference to athletic performance.
K)Revolutionary ideas still come from the athletes themselves. For example, during the 1968 Olympics in Mexico City, a relatively unknown high jumper named Dick Fosbury won the gold by going over the bar backwards, in complete contradiction of all the received high-jumping wisdom, a move instantly dubbed the Fosbury flop. Fosbury himself did not know what he was doing. That understanding took the later analysis of biomechanics specialists who put their minds to comprehending something that was too complex and unorthodox ever to have been invented through their own mathematical simulations.
L)Fosbury also required another element that lies behind many improvements in athletic performance: an innovation in athletic equipment. In Fosbury’s case, it was the cushions that jumpers land on. Traditionally, high jumpers would land in pits filled with sawdust. But by Fosbury’s time, sawdust pits had been replaced by soft foam cushions, ideal for flopping.
M)In the end, most people who examine human performance are humbled by the resourcefulness of athletes and the powers of the human body. "Once you study athletics, you learn that it’s a vexingly complex issue," says John S. Raglin, a sports psychologist at Indiana University. "Core performance is not a simple or mundane thing of higher, faster, longer. So many variables enter into the equation, and our understanding in many cases is fundamental. We’re got a long way to go." For the foreseeable future, records will be made to be broken. [br] Scientists believe our current knowledge of athletics is basic.
选项
答案
M
解析
题干意为,科学家认为我们如今对运动的认识属于很基本的范畴。M段倒数第三句“our understanding in many cases is fundamental”.“basic”对应“fundamental”。
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/3567058.html
相关试题推荐
GreenlandandAntarcticaarelosingiceatafasterandfasterrate,accordi
GreenlandandAntarcticaarelosingiceatafasterandfasterrate,accordi
GreenlandandAntarcticaarelosingiceatafasterandfasterrate,accordi
HowMuchHigher?HowMuchFaster?A)Sincetheearlyyearsof
HowMuchHigher?HowMuchFaster?A)Sincetheearlyyearsof
HowMuchHigher?HowMuchFaster?A)Sincetheearlyyearsof
HowMuchHigher?HowMuchFaster?A)Sincetheearlyyearsof
HowMuchHigher?HowMuchFaster?A)Sincetheearlyyearsof
HowMuchHigher?HowMuchFaster?A)Sincetheearlyyearsof
HowMuchHigher?HowMuchFaster?A)Sincetheearlyyearsof
随机试题
GesturesI.Theuniversalusageofgesturesin
Itisnecessarythateveryone______acopyofthisbook.A、hasB、couldhaveC、will
下面关于企业债券的说法正确的是( )。 ①棚户区改造项目可发行并使用不超过项
胚胎期人体最早的造血器官是A.肝脏B.脾脏C.胸腺D.卵黄囊E.骨髓
如果一项培训内容的掌握有赖于实践,那么这项培训就适合于()。A.课堂培训 B
某一办公楼,楼长46.0m,宽12.8m,总建筑面积2860m2。地基土为杂填土
(2016年真题)费率的类型较多,主要包括()。A.担保费 B.承诺费
下列关于基金投资风险的说法中,错误的是( )。A.基金的风险是指购买基金遭受损
菌落总数的食品卫生学意义是A.食品清洁状态的标志 B.食品受到粪便污染的标志
由于有了会计分期这个会计核算的基本前提,才产生了当期与以前期间、以后期间的差别,
最新回复
(
0
)