[originaltext] (12)First aid may be defined as the immediate and temporary

(12)First aid may be defined as the immediate and temporary treatment to a victim of an accident or serious illness until the supervision of a physician can be obtained. First aid begins with the steadying effect upon the stricken person when he realizes that competent hands will help him.(13)The emergency situating often causes confusion in the mind of the victim. Things seem unreal and remote, and he often cannot think clearly and rationally for some time. The emotional reaction which results from a serious accident takes time to subside. Therefore, first aid is more than the physical attention of addressing his injuries or making him comfortable. It is the general mental effect that the well-selected word of encouragement, the expressing of willingness to help, the uplifting effect of the first aider’s evident capability can be given.(14)The thoughtful suggestions made to solve immediate problems, the information given concerning nearby physicians and hospitals, the telephone call to summon medical help or an ambulance or to notify a relative, all these are the tasks of the first aider. The good first aider deals with the whole situation, the person and the injury. He knows what not to do as well as what to do. Thus, he avoids the error so commonly made through well meant but misguided efforts.(15)He confines his procedures to what is necessary, keeping the handling of injured parts to a minimum.
Questions 12 to 15 are based on the passage you have just heard.
12. Which of the following is true about the first aid?
13. What will the emergency situation cause in the mind of the victim?
14. Which factor does first aid NOT usually include?
15. When helping a victim, what would a good first aider NOT do?