首页
登录
职称英语
[img]2012q1/ct_etoefm_etoeflistz_0944_20121[/img] [br] Why does the professor sa
[img]2012q1/ct_etoefm_etoeflistz_0944_20121[/img] [br] Why does the professor sa
游客
2024-01-04
21
管理
问题
[br] Why does the professor say this:
[Professor (male)] Q12 Class, what I want to talk about today is guilds. Um, so I was wondering
if someone could start us off with a...a definition.
[Student A (female)] Yeah. A guild is...um, it’s like a group of people who have the same kind of
occupation. I think it’s generally used in a historical sense. I mean, I wouldn’t
call an association of, um, autoworkers a guild--I’d call them a union. But if I
were talking about an association of medieval European potters, I think the word
"guild" would be appropriate.
[Professor] Good. You raised some good points. Now, um, I want you to realize that
guilds certainly still exist today--ever heard of the Screen Actors Guild or the
Writers Guild of America? Q12 But the fact is I do want to focus today on
historical guilds...not modern guilds. Q13 Um, like you pointed out, guilds
and workers’ unions do overlap in some ways, but t suppose it would be an
oversimplification to say they’re the same thing. They both exist to...to protect
workers, but guilds have an additional, um, instructional function: they help
craftspeople master the skills of their trade, promoting them from apprentices
to journeymen to master craftspeople.
[Student B (male)] Q17 [uncertain] Um...journeymen? Are we supposed to know these terms already?
[Professor] Well, I assumed that some of you had probably heard of them, but if you’re not
familiar with these terms, don’t worry about it because we’re going to go over
their meaning in today’s class. I’ll, um, I’ll get to that when I start talking about
how guilds are organized. But for now, I’d like to discuss the history of guilds.
Q14 So, early guilds--this was a long time ago--they were essentially
associations of craftspeople who worked in the same trade, such as masons,
glass workers, or carpenters. There’s a history of guilds all over the world.
There were probably guilds in China as early as the Han Dynasty, which was
between 206 BC and 220 AD. In India, guilds of the Gupta Empire--320 AD to
550 AD--were called shreni, and they may have been based on earlier guild-like
organizations, The first mention of German guilds appeared in the 10th century,
and, um, by the 12th century, there were guilds in France and England too.Q15(B)
These European guilds were likely inspired by earlier Roman guilds.
In some cities in Europe, guilds tightly controlled the way things ran--how
goods were produced, the way people worked...that sort of thing. Q15(D) In fact,
sometimes they received special, um, entitlements...directly from monarchs
or heads of state. These might grant a guild the right to monopolize a certain
industry. Actually, these letters from political leaders formed the basis for
the patent and trademark systems, which developed later on. With this kind
of power, guilds could influence local authorities...and sometimes uprisings
occurred if people thought the guilds had a little too much power.
Q15(C) But guilds did more than control labor and production. They controlled
knowledge about their trade as well. Actually, in ptaces where guilds were in
control, it could be quite difficult for new people to get into business...because
guilds made it tough for them to get the raw materials and training they
needed. Anyone who wanted to learn the trade of a certain guild was subject
to a long period of apprenticeship, where they would learn about a craft by
working--as cheap labor--for a master craftsperson in the guild.
[Student B] OK. So someone new to a craft would start out as an apprentice, then become
a journeyman, and then become a master craftsperson? Just like working your
way up the corporate ladder?
[Professor] Yeah, you’ve got the right idea. Apprentices performed tasks for a master
for several years, all the while refining their skills in the trade. Um, but they
typically would only learn the most basic stuff--you know, none of the trade
secrets. Not yet. Q17 After a couple of years, promising apprentices
would get promoted to the position of journeyman. [addressing
Student B] Remember? You wanted to know what this was. Well, uh,
journeymen were actually certified with official papers, um, and they could take
these papers to other towns and study with different masters. Sometimes they
would travel quite far...perhaps to the other side of Europe. Hence the origin of
the term. Then, after gaining a couple of years of experience as a journeyman,
a person was eligible to become a master craftsperson. Of course, this was a
promotion that had to be approved by all the masters of the guild. Plus, the, um,
Q16 the potential master had to produce a masterpiece as proof of their skills.
OK. Next time we’ll talk more about the decline of the guild system and, um,
what modern guilds are like.
选项
A、To make sure the students remember important information from earlier,
B、To encourage one of the students to expand on his explanation.
C、To point out to a student that he is answering a previous question.
D、To remind the students of a crucial point from the class.
答案
C
解析
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/3334037.html
相关试题推荐
Whatwasthestudentsurprisedtodiscoverhehadalotof?[br]Theprofessors
Theprofessorsaysthatsuperhighways______.[br]【30】[originaltext]Tutor:We
Theprofessorsaysthatsuperhighways______.[br]【29】[originaltext]Tutor:We
Theprofessorsaysthatsuperhighways______.[br]【27】[originaltext]Tutor:We
Theprofessorsaysthatsuperhighways______.[br]【25】[originaltext]Tutor:We
Theprofessorsaysthatsuperhighways______.[br]Thestudentthinkspeople__
TheprofessoralreadyknowssomethingaboutClarefromher______.[br][origi
TheprofessoralreadyknowssomethingaboutClarefromher______.[br][origi
TheprofessoralreadyknowssomethingaboutClarefromher______.[br][origi
TheprofessoralreadyknowssomethingaboutClarefromher______.[br][origi
随机试题
我们要加强校园安全工作。Wemuststrengthencampussecurity.译文中security可表示“安全工作”,如译为security
Accordingtothefirstparagraph,whichofthefollowingisTRUE?[br]Whatcan
ItstartedwithanitchafterastrollonaCaribbeanbeach,butinjustafe
因故间断电气工作连续()个月以上者,应重新学习本规程,并经考试合格后,方能
下列选项中,符合所给图形的变化规律的是: A.如上图所示 B.如上图所示
(2019年11月)评估培训成果的()是指企业和培训管理人员用来评价培训成
生脉注射液的不良反应有A.发热寒战 B.过敏休克 C.呼吸困难 D.胸闷不
颌面部损伤伴发颅脑外伤的病人,哪种止痛药不能用A:散利痛片 B:吲哚美辛 C
政府预算决策的对象是()。A.程序合理 B.依据合理 C.公共偏好 D.
男性,45岁。阵发性右腹绞痛1天,伴恶心呕吐,无发热,腹痛发作时向右下腹放射伴尿
最新回复
(
0
)