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  3. HOW ANIMALS IN RAIN FORESTS MAKE THE

HOW ANIMALS IN RAIN FORESTS MAKE THE

游客2024-01-02  11
问题                                             HOW ANIMALS IN RAIN FORESTS MAKE THEMSELVES HEARD
    (1) Scientists have discovered that animals are experts at exploiting weather conditions and the physical conditions of their environments so that they are heard or not heard, and seen or not seen. The species living in rain forests must engineer their calls to accommodate all of the obstacles, such as leaf cover, that can deflect and degrade the sounds intended for a potential receiver. Over, short, loud bursts of sound tend to be more effective than longer calls at cutting through the dense foliage.
    (2) There is no natural environment on Earth noisier than a virgin rain forest. In the Peruvian rain forest, every species has developed clever or remarkably sophisticated strategies to ensure that its voice is heard. The noise creates a real challenge for the smaller residents, such as male tree crickets, which need to get the attention of females, often from a relatively long distance. Some species of crickets maximize the volume of their calls by chewing a hole in the middle of a leaf to create a sound baffle, similar to a stereo speaker. The leaf functions as a speaker cabinet, with the cricket in the center acting as the speaker.
    (3) A species of tree frog in Borneo has an inventive approach to getting its mating call heard over the noise. Mataphrenella sudana, which is only an inch long, has learned to exploit the sound properties of a water-filled hole in a tree in the same way that a person uses resonance, the intensification and enrichment of a sound by added vibration, in the shower to sing like a professional performer. The frog searches for a suitable hole and then partially submerges itself in the water. Its forte is the ability to adjust the frequency of its call to the size of the hole and play the tree like a musical instrument. As it sits in the hole, it begins vocalizing at different frequencies until it hits the one note that makes the hole and tree resonate.
    (4) The time of day affects how sound travels in any environment, and this fact is not lost on animals and insects. Early morning and late evening produce conditions that allow sound to travel greater distances than during the middle parts of the day. Sound travels best at night, which is why the rain forest is so wonderfully noisy between dusk and dawn. For species that sleep at night, dusk and dawn are their windows of opportunity to get the best resonance and distance out of a signal. This is why animals, especially birds, tend to be more active and noisy in the early morning and late evening. The British call the phenomenon of birds singing in the early morning the dawn chorus. Because of the superior sound conditions, dusk and dawn are the times to conduct the serious business of attracting mates and defending territories. For predators, it is the best time to track down their noisy prey.
    (5) Another way animals and insects ensure that their calls connect with the intended receivers is by developing their own specialized frequencies, which are determined primarily by the size of their bodies. [A] Recently, a scientist visiting the Peruvian rain forest made an audio tape of a little of the night’s music. [B] When he took the tape back to his lab and analyzed it, he discovered that this seemingly chaotic banquet of sound was actually highly ordered. [C] Each animal and insect is tuned to and calling on its own species-specific frequency, in the same way that radio stations use different signals so that many stations can broadcast at the same time. [D]
    (6) Bernard Krause, a professor at the University of Oregon in Eugene, has found that in older tropical rain forests some species, such as the Asian paradise flycatcher, have become so specialized that their voices occupy several niches of the sound spectrum at the same time, thus laying territorial claim to several audio channels. His recordings from undisturbed rain forests around the world demonstrate a remarkable stability in the combined voices of the residents from year to year. The stability of the ambient sound gives each region a unique sound signature, or fingerprint. [br] The author mentions a "stereo speaker" in the passage in order to________.
选项 A、contrast the ways in which humans and insects magnify their sounds
B、compare the ranges of sounds produced by humans and insects
C、support the claim that small size is a disadvantage for insects that produce calls
D、help explain how small insects magnify the sounds of their calls
答案 D
解析 本题是修辞目的题，考查作者用立体扬声器(stereo speaker)作类比的目的。文中第2段第4句指出，有些蟋蟀通过制作工具来扩大音量，而它们的工具好比扬声器。所以很显然，作者用人类的立体扬声器和蟋蟀制作的工具作对比是为了解释蟋蟀是如何扩大音量的，与D项“解释小昆虫如何提高它们叫声的音量”不谋而合。第2段把蟋蟀的扩音工具与人类的立体扬声器作对比，不是简单地为了对比二者提高音量的方式，而是为了形象生动地说明蟋蟀娴熟的扩音本领，故A项“对比人类和昆虫提高音量的方式”不是作者的修辞目的。B项“比较人类声音和昆虫声音传播的范围”，文中没有关于二者范围的信息，故不选B项。C项“支撑作者‘体型小是鸣叫的昆虫的劣势’的观点”，本段提到雨林里嘈杂的环境对体型较小的昆虫来说是很大的挑战，但是后面介绍的是体型小的昆虫如何巧妙应对这种挑战，提高自己的音量，故C项不符合题意。
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