2. 职称英语
  3. Because early man viewed illness as divine punishment and healing as purifica

Because early man viewed illness as divine punishment and healing as purifica

游客2023-12-31  34
问题    Because early man viewed illness as divine punishment and healing as purification, medicine and religion were inextricably linked for centuries. This notion is apparent in the origin of our word "pharmacy, " which comes from the Greek pharmakon, meaning "purification through purging."
   By 3500 B.C., the Sumerians in the Tigris-Euphrates Valley had developed virtually all of our modern methods of administering drugs. They used gargles, inhalations, pills, lotions, ointments, and plasters. The first drug catalog, or pharmacopoeia, was written at that time by an unknown Sumerian physician. Preserved in cuneiform script on a single clay tablet are the names of dozens of drugs to treat ailments that still afflict us today.
   The Egyptians added to the ancient medicine chest. The Ebers papyrus, a scroll dating from the 1900 B.C. and named after the German Egyptologist George Ebers, reveals the trial-and-error know-how acquired by early Egyptian physicians. To relieve indigestion, a chew of peppermint leaves and carbonates (known today as antacids) was prescribed, and to numb the pain of tooth extraction, Egyptian doctors temporarily stupefied a patient with ethyl alcohol. The scroll also provides a rare glimpse into the hierarchy of ancient drug preparation. The "chief of the preparers of drugs" was the equivalent of a head pharmacist, who supervised the "collectors of drugs, " field workers who gathered essential minerals and herbs. The "preparers’ aides, " (technicians) dried and pulverized ingredients, which were blended according to certain formulas by the "preparers." And the "conservator of drugs" oversaw the storehouse where local and imported mineral, herb and animal-organ ingredients were kept.
   By the 7th century B.C., the Greeks had adopted a sophisticated mind-body view of medicine. They believed the physician must pursue the diagnosis and treatment of the physical (body) causes of disease within a scientific framework, as well as cure the supernatural (mind) components involved. Thus, the early Greek physician emphasized something of a holistic approach to health, even if the suspected "mental" causes of disease were not recognized as stress and depression, but interpreted as curses from displeased deities.
   The modern era of pharmacology began in the 16th century, ushered in by the first major discoveries in chemistry. The understanding of how chemicals interact to produce certain effects within the body would eventually remove much of the guesswork and magic from medicine. Drugs had been launched on a scientific course, but centuries would pass before superstition was displaced by scientific fact. One major reason was that physicians, unaware of the existence of disease-causing pathogens, continued to dream up imaginary causative evils. And though new chemical compounds emerged, their effectiveness in treating disease was still based largely on trial and error. Many standard, common drugs in the medicine chest were developed in this trial-and-error environment. Such is the complexity of disease and human biochemistry that even today, despite enormous strides in medical science, many of the latest sophisticated additions to our medicine chest shelves were accidental finds. [br] Which of the following can be the title of the passage?
选项 A、The Greek Medical History
B、The Egyptian Pharmacological History
C、The Origin of Medicine
D、Development of Modern Medication
答案 C
解析    补充标题。标题一般用来标明文章、作品等的内容，目的是使读者了解到文章的主要内容和主旨。回顾原文各段落发现：第一段讲早期人类对疾病的认识；第二段是苏美尔人公元前3500年的用药成就；第三段可追溯到公元前1900年的古埃及人的药典及医学进步；第四段是公元七世纪希腊的医学进步；第五段为现代医学大发展及局限。从年代可以看出，本文的主要内容是医学史，所以只有C符合要旨。【知识拓展】补充标题类题型比较高效的做法是浏览各段落的主题句(多数是各段落第一句)，然后概括其内容。当然，如果读者在阅读过程中对文章的主旨大意已了然于胸，则可直接进行概括。
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