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  3. Emotion is a feeling about or reaction to certain important events or though

Emotion is a feeling about or reaction to certain important events or though

游客2023-12-28  23
问题     Emotion is a feeling about or reaction to certain important events or thoughts. People enjoy feeling such pleasant emotions as love, happiness, and contentment. They often try to avoid feeling unpleasant emotions, such as loneliness, worry, and grief. Individuals communicate most of their emotions by means of words, a variety of sounds, facial expressions, and gestures. For example, anger causes many people to frown, make a fist, and yell. People learn ways of showing some of their emotions from members of their society, though heredity(遗传)may determine some emotional behavior. Research has shown that different isolated peoples show emotions by means of similar facial expressions.
    Charles Darwin, famous for the theory of natural selection, also studied emotion. Darwin said in 1872 that emotional behavior originally served both as an aid to survival and as a method of communicating intentions. According to the James-Lange theory of emotions developed in the 1880s, people feel emotions only if aware of their own internal physical reactions to events, such as increased heart rate or blood pressure. But this theory was not upheld by research on cats that had their nervous systems damaged. The cats could not feel their body’s internal changes, but they showed normal emotional behavior. John B. Watson, an American psychologist who helped found the school of psychology called behaviorism, observed that babies stimulated by certain events showed three basic emotions—fear, anger, and love. Watson’s view has been challenged frequently since he proposed it in 1919.
    The most widely accepted view is that emotions occur as a complex sequence of events. The sequence begins when a person encounters an important event or thought. The person’s interpretation of the encounter determines the feeling that is likely to follow. For example, someone who encounters a bear in the woods would probably interpret the event as dangerous. The sense of danger would cause the individual to feel fear. Each feeling is followed by physical changes and desires to take action, which are responses to the event that started the sequence. Thus, a person who met a bear would probably run away.
    Several American psychologists independently developed the theory that there are eight basic e-motions. These emotions—which can exist at various levels of intensity—are anger, fear, joy, sadness , acceptance, disgusts, surprise, and interest or curiosity. They combine to form all other emotions, just as certain basic colors produce all others.
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答案     情感是人们对于某种重大事件或想法产生的感觉或反应。人们都喜欢享受像爱、幸福和满意等情感，也尽量避免去感受像孤独、焦虑和悲痛等情感。
    人们通过语言、各种声音、面部表情和手势等来交流自己的情感。比如说，气愤有可能使人皱眉、握拳或者尖叫。虽然遗传可能决定人们在情感上的一些行为表现，但是更多的时候是从社会其他成员那里学会了表达情感的方式。研究表明，那些被隔离的不同人群在表达情感的时候有着相似的面部表情。
    以自然选择理论闻名的克莱尔-达尔文也研究情感。1872年，达尔文提出，情感的行为最初是为了生存需要和交流。根据詹姆斯-兰格于19世纪80年代提出的情感理论，一个人体内对心跳加速和血压升高这些生理变化作出反应，并且只有在意识到这些变化的时候，才会有不同情感的产生。但是这个理论在另一个研究中——在一只神经受损的猫身上所进行的研究——没有得到支持。猫感觉不到内在的变化，但是它的行为很正常。一个名叫约翰-沃森的美国心理学家发现了叫做行动主义的心理学派。他观察到被某事所刺激的婴儿会表现出三种基本情感——害怕、生气和喜欢。1919年，沃森提出了这个观点，此后，它经常遭到挑战。
    最被广泛接受的观点就是情感伴随着一系列复杂事件一起发生。当一个人遇到重大的事情或想法的时候，这一些复杂的反应就开始了。那么一个人对这些事情或想法的解释决定了他在随后会有什么样的情感。例如，在树林里遇到熊的人可能会把这个事件理解为危险，危险的感觉会让这个人感觉恐惧。每种感觉都会伴随着生理变化和采取行动的欲望，这就是对引发先后顺序的事件的反应。因此，遇到熊的人可能会逃走。
    一些神经学家进一步独立地发展了这种理论，认为人至少有8种情感。分别是：生气、害怕、高兴、伤心、赞同、厌恶、惊讶以及兴趣或好奇。它们能够在不同程度的情感中存在。然后这些情感相互结合就会产生其他情感，好比在绘画中，由几种特定的原料相互搭配可以产生其他色调一样。
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