首页
登录
职称英语
Western juries have traditionally found eyewitness testimony to be the most
Western juries have traditionally found eyewitness testimony to be the most
游客
2023-12-27
69
管理
问题
Western juries have traditionally found eyewitness testimony to be the most convincing evidence in criminal trials. Seeing is believing, as the saying goes. In numerous cases, when witnesses pointed to the defendant, his or her fate was sealed. But how reliable is eyewitness testimony? Recent cases have suggested that despite our best intentions, we may unwittingly distort what we perceive.
Artists and psychologists have long known that "seeing" is not a simple matter of recording visual input. People perceive the exterior world through a complex matrix of cultural expectations, personality traits, moods and life experiences. For example, researchers tested the cultural influence on perception by showing a set of optical illusions to various groups, and found that different groups responded in divergent ways. Accustomed to and inundated by perpendicular structures, Western Europeans succumbed easily to illusions based on rectangular lines. On the other hand, the Zulu people of South Africa, whose environment had been comprised almost entirely of circular forms (round houses, doors, etc.) did not fall prey to those linear illusions.
Cultural expectations also influence the selectivity of our seeing. The amount of visual information that exists far exceeds our ability to process it, so we must filter that sensory input into recognizable images. In looking at a face, we do not see elongated ovals set in complex shadows and shading, we see eyes. And that filtering process is informed by what we perceive to be significant, which is influenced by cultural norms. Some cultures may emphasize differences in hair color or texture, others the shape of a nose or mouth, others the set of the eyes.
But it is not only group expectations that color what we see, personality and mood fluctuation can also alter our perceptions. Orderly minds who shun ambiguity will see an off- center image as firmly fixed in the center. The same photograph of four young men allows for shifting interpretations based on our current feeling: a mood of happiness reveals boys enjoying a relaxing day, while anxiety changes the picture to students worrying about exams.
In addition, numerous more prosaic factors affect our ability to record an image accurately. Duration of the encounter, proximity to the subject, lighting, and angle all affect our ability to see, and even stress may further undermine the accuracy of our perceptions.
What will this mean for criminal trials? Juries have often been reluctant to convict without eyewitness identification. Blood samples, fingerprints, and the like do not resonate as deeply with juries as does direct testimony, and frequently require understanding of complex scientific technicalities. But as confidence in eyewitness testimony wanes, such circumstantial evidence may someday replace visual identification as the lynchpin of criminal trials. [br] The different interpretations to the same photo of four men were based on ______ .
选项
A、the sad mood of the boys
B、the happy mood of the students
C、the anxious feelings of the orderly minds
D、the current feelings of the people involved
答案
D
解析
细节题型见第四段第三句:同样一幅四个年轻人的照片可能会因为我们当时的情绪不同而有不同的解释;因此D为答案。
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/3310991.html
相关试题推荐
WhenarchaeologistssearchedtheremotenorthwesterncoastofAlaska,theydidn
Inourschool,EnglishandmatharecompulsorywhileWesternliteratureandthe
Aswithanytestimonyor______,beingdirectwillbekeyforSchmidt.A、desperati
Moreover,judgeshavethediscretiontoprecludetheuseofjuriesincasesthey
Aswithanytestimonyor______,beingdirectwillbekeyforSchmidt.A、desperati
EspeciallyintheWesternworld,ithaslongbeenwidelyassumedthataculture
CampaigningforvotesinthewesternprovinceofMaharashtrathismonth,Pri
CampaigningforvotesinthewesternprovinceofMaharashtrathismonth,Pri
AWesternintelligenceagencyestimatesbetween20to30peoplehavediedinthe
Freudiantheoryindeedtookwestern20th-centurycivilizationbystorm.How
随机试题
February14isValentine’sDay.Althoughitiscelebratedasalovers’holid
[img]2014m3x/ct_eyyjsbz2012c_eyyjsbreadb_0210_20137[/img]Howmuchmoneydo
ResolvingConflictinaMulticulturalEnvironmentI.Definitionofculture
下垂型喷头下垂安装,水流向下冲向溅水盘的喷头。
下列关于卫生洁具说法正确的有()。A.耐急冷急热要求必须达到标准要求 B.节
A.治病求本 B.未病先防 C.既病防变 D.因地制宜 E.因时制宜调摄
A.致敏试验 B.全身毒性试验 C.体外细胞毒性试验 D.皮肤刺激及皮内反
下列关于变现能力分析的说法,正确的有()。 Ⅰ.反映变现能力的财务比率主要有流
患者突然昏倒,面青身凉,口噤不开,苔白,脉迟有力,治疗宜首选A石菖蒲 B郁金
理财师的工作流程概括为:①接触客户,建立信任关系;②收集、整理和分析客户的家庭财
最新回复
(
0
)