首页
登录
职称英语
It is hard to conceive of a language without nouns or verbs. But that is just
It is hard to conceive of a language without nouns or verbs. But that is just
游客
2023-12-17
19
管理
问题
It is hard to conceive of a language without nouns or verbs. But that is just what Riau Indonesian is, according to David Gil, a researcher at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary .Anthropology, in Leipzig. Dr. Gil has been studying Riau for the past 12 years. Initially, he says, he struggled with the language, despite being fluent in standard Indonesian. However, a breakthrough came when he realized that what he had been thinking of as different parts of speech were, in fact, grammatically the same. For example, the phrase "the chicken is eating" translates into colloquial Riau as "ayam makan". Literally, this is "chicken eat". But the same pair of words also have meanings as diverse as "the chicken is making somebody eat", or "somebody is eating where the chicken is". There are, he says, no modifiers that distinguish the tenses of verbs. Nor are there modifiers for nouns that distinguish the definite from the indefinite. Indeed, there are no features in Riau Indonesian that distinguish nouns from verbs. These categories, he says, are imposed because the languages that western linguists are familiar with have them.
This sort of observation flies in the face of conventional wisdom about what language is. Most linguists are influenced by the work of Noam Chomsky---in particular, his theory of "deep grammar". According to Dr. Chomsky, people are born with a sort of linguistic template in their brains. This is a set of rules that allows children to learn a language quickly, but also imposes constraints and structure on what is learnt. Evidence in support of this theory includes the tendency of children to make systematic mistakes which indicate a tendency to impose rules on what turn out to be grammatical exceptions (e. g. "I dided it" instead of "I did it"). There is also the ability of the children of migrant workers to invent new languages known as creoles out of the grammatically incoherent pidgin spoken by their parents. Exactly what the deep grammar consists of is still not clear, but a basic distinction between nouns and verbs would probably be one of its minimum requirements.
Dr. Gil contends, however, that there is a risk of unconscious bias leading to the conclusion that a particular sort of grammar exists in an unfamiliar language. That is because it is easier for linguists to dis cover extra features in foreign languages--for example tones that change the meaning of words, which are common in Indonesian but do not exist in European languages--than to realize that elements which are taken for granted in a linguist’s native language may be absent from another. Despite the best intentions, he says, there is a tendency to fit languages into a mould. And since most linguists are westerners, that mould is usually an Indo-European language from the West.
It needs not, however, be a modern language. Dr. Gil’s point about bias is well illustrated by the history of the study of the world’s most widely spoken tongue. Many of the people who developed modern linguistics had had an education in Latin and Greek. As a consequence, English was often described until well into the 20th century as having six different noun cases, because Latin has six. Only relatively recently did grammarians begin a debate over noun cases in English. Some now contend that it does not have noun cases at all, others that it has two while still others maintain that there are three or four cases.
The difficulty is compounded if a linguist is not fluent in the language he is studying. The process of linguistic fieldwork is a painstaking one, fraught with pitfalls. Its mainstay is the use of "informants" who tell linguists, in interviews and on paper, about their language. Unfortunately, these informants tend to be better-educated than their fellows, and are often fluent in more than one language. [br] ______ cannot serve as evidence of Noam Chomsky’s theory of "deep grammar".
选项
A、He never forgaved her for teasing him.
B、She beganed to feel a sense of panic.
C、Sheeps were grazing on the hillside.
D、There are a desk and two chairs here.
答案
D
解析
推断题。由题干中的Noam Chomsky定位至第二段。该段第五句指出;支持乔姆斯基理论的证据包括孩子们倾向于犯规律性的错误,他们倾向于在一些例外的情况下还应用某些语法规则,例如将“I did it”误写为“I dided it”。可见这里是说将一般语法规则应用于特殊情况。[A]和[B]都是对过去时的错误应用, [C]是名词复数的错误应用,只有[D]不属于将某个一般语法规则应用于例外情况,故为答案。
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/3282575.html
相关试题推荐
______isthelanguageofAngles,SaxonsandJuteswhoinvadedBritainafterAD
Islanguage,likefood,abasichumanneedwithoutwhichachildatacritica
Islanguage,likefood,abasichumanneedwithoutwhichachildatacritica
______dealswiththewayinwhichalanguagevariesthroughgeographicalspace.
Weuselanguageeveryday.Weliveinaworldofwords.Hardlyanymomentpas
Weuselanguageeveryday.Weliveinaworldofwords.Hardlyanymomentpas
Weuselanguageeveryday.Weliveinaworldofwords.Hardlyanymomentpas
Weuselanguageeveryday.Weliveinaworldofwords.Hardlyanymomentpas
Weuselanguageeveryday.Weliveinaworldofwords.Hardlyanymomentpas
Weuselanguageeveryday.Weliveinaworldofwords.Hardlyanymomentpas
随机试题
Oneofthebiggestchallengesfacingemployersandeducatorstodayisthera
中国有不同于其他国家的着装规范(dresscodes)。游客们最好能够在特定的场合遵照一些着装法则从而保持衣着得体。在春节这样的传统节日,中国人喜欢盛
[originaltext]Therearemanyoccasionsonwhichyoucanbeexpectedtotalk
AccordingtothelateresearchintheUnitedStatesofAmerica,【M1】
水平防火分区是指建筑某一楼层内采用具有一定耐火能力的防火分隔物(如防火墙、防火门
测量一个厅堂的混响时间,声压级衰减30dB用了0.7s,这个厅堂的混响时间为(
对于妊娠期及产褥期并发急性肾盂肾炎下列叙述中哪项是不恰当的A.无症状性菌尿占孕妇
下列关于股权投资基金的说法中,错误的是()。A.股权投资基金通常采用承诺资本制
对美国的出口额占F省对外贸易总额的比重为()。A.27.33% B
《灵枢*决气》中关于液的分布和功能有A.腠理发泄,汗出溱溱 B.淖泽注于骨,骨
最新回复
(
0
)