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  3. Many Americans-perhaps most of them-aren’t ready for President Bush’s "owners

Many Americans-perhaps most of them-aren’t ready for President Bush’s "owners

游客2023-12-15  17
问题    Many Americans-perhaps most of them-aren’t ready for President Bush’s "ownership society". The idea sounds good. Employees could shift a portion of what they pay into Social Security and put it into individual accounts that might gain higher returns in, say, the stock market.
   They could also reduce their tax bill by starting Health Savings Accounts, Retirement Savings Accounts, and Lifetime Savings Accounts.
   These options reflect a certain conservative logic. Rather than having the government or your company decide how much retirement money or healthcare you get, you can decide for yourself.
   "If you own something, you have a vital stake in the future of our country," Mr. Bush explains.
   "The more ownership there is in America, the more vitality there is in America."
   The flaw in this logic is Americans  lack of financial sophistication. For example: Less than one-quarter of working-age people characterize themselves as "knowledgeable investors," according to surveys by John Hancock Financial Services. Even this minority shows "considerable confusion". For example: Many surveyed thought money-market funds included stocks and bonds.
   That doesn’t mean Americans are stupid. They just have better things to do. "Many people don’t have the time, inclination, or expertise necessary to take full responsibility for their own well-being in areas that are so complex as assuring they have sufficient income for retirement or choosing a health plan appropriate for their circumstances", says Robert Reischauer, president of the Urban Institute, a Washington think tank.
   Moreover, many Americans would have trouble reading the documents involved in such decisions. Some 44 million adults at the lowest of five levels of literacy were unable to decipher simple texts and documents, according to a decade-old survey by the Department of Education. Even the larger number of people at the next level of literacy would find financial reports and documents difficult.
   Because it goes to the heart of the liberal-conservative divide over the role of government, the ownership society sparks political controversy.
   "Boneheaded, wacky, breathtakingly threatening," writes Greg Palast for AlterNet, a liberal website set up by the Independent Media Institute. It’s "lopping off a chunk of Social Security insurance revenue for gambling in the stock market."
   On the conservative side: The ownership society "tends to encourage self-esteem and healthy habits of behavior, such as acting more for the long term, or taking education more seriously," argues David Boaz of the Cato Institute, a libertarian think tank in Washington.
   But judgment doesn’t need to rely on rhetoric. The United States already has experimented with transferring the major responsibility for retirement savings from employers to employees. It’s the 401(k) plan, which got going in the 1980s.
   Workers are "overwhelmed" by them, argues Boston College’s Alicia Munnell, who with Annika Sunde wrote a new book, "Coming Up Short," on these popular retirement plans. For example:
   Only 25 percent of eligible workers join the plan. (The Bush private accounts will be voluntary for younger workers.)
   Ninety percent of those participating contribute less than the maximum.
   Almost 60 percent of participants have undiversified portfolios, with almost all their money in stocks, or in bonds and other fixed-income investments. About 20 percent of 401 (k) assets are invested in the stock of the company employing the workers-risky indeed, as Enron employees found out.
   Hardly any participants take time to rebalance their portfolios as they age or the market changes. About 55 percent of them cash out their accumulated funds when they leave a job, instead of saving the money for retirement.
   The result is that those currently approaching retirement (aged 55 to 64) have, on average, about $50,000 in their 401(k) plans. That’s only enough to generate $300 a month-little to top up the $900 average Social Security payment. [br] In the last 9th and 8th paragraph, it seems that "liberal and libertarian" thinkings of the issue______.
选项 A、are the same
B、are contradictory to each other
C、both belong to the conservative side
D、tend to encourage self-esteem
答案 B
解析 根据倒数第八、九段，我们对“liberal”和“libertarian”两种观念有何判断?“liberal”指“自由主义的”，在政治上属于自由主义阵营，而“libertarian”则是“自由意志主义的”；是保守主义阵营。以罗斯福新政为典型的美国自由主义传统上注重政府的作用，主张政府对社会经济事务的适当干预，因而在本文中反对将社会保障收入拿到股票市场进行“赌博”。保守主义历来强调个人自由以及自由企业制度，在本文中鼓吹所谓“所有权社会”(ownership society)，认为有利于人们建立自尊，依循健康的行为守则，更加着眼于长远，以及更加注重教育。
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