首页
登录
职称英语
Researchers in many countries have observed that middle class children as a
Researchers in many countries have observed that middle class children as a
游客
2023-12-14
22
管理
问题
Researchers in many countries have observed that middle class children as a group are more successful in the educational system than working class children. More of the former, for example, reach college. Professor Basil Bernstein of the University of London has argued that there is a link between social class and educational failure and that this link is language. In a series of papers published from 1958 to 1973 Bernstein has developed a theory of the "structure and process of cultural transmission," or socialization, part of which may be summarized as follows.
One characteristic of many (but not all) working class families is that the status of different members of the family is clearly defined; the authority of the father, tot instance, derives from the fact that he is the father. This type of family Bernstein calls positional, and he contrasts it with the person-centered family type, more common (although not omni present) in the middle classes. In the latter; status, authority and interpersonal relationships are "negotiated" according to the unique characteristics of each family member. This negotiation, or lack of it, is reflected linguistically. The following conversation might take place in a positional family:
Child: Can I have an ice cream?
Mother: No.
Child: Why not?
Mother: Because 1 said so.
In order to justify her refusal of the child’s request, the mother resorts to her authority as mother.
The equivalent exchange in a "person-centered" family might go like this:
Child: Can I have an ice cream?
Mother: No.
Child: Why not?
Mother: Because if you have an ice cream now, you won’t want your lunch later on.
This time an attempt is made to justify the decision in logical terms. In both cases a " reason" is given for denying the ice cream, but the "rational" nature of the explanation given by the second mother leads her to the explicit expression of a statement of condition — "if you have an ice cream now" — and result— "you won’t want your lunch later on. "
Now Bernstein is not saying that middle class parents are more rational or articulate or intelligent than working class parents. He notes, however, that if this sort of difference distinguishes a large proportion of the conversations these two children hear in their childhood, then it is reasonable to expect the middle class child to enter school, at age five or six, with the ability to understand and produce a more varied linguistic repertoire, a more" elaborated code" than his working class school friend. The latter may be just as intelligent, but he will probably possess a more "restricted" linguistic code.
Bernstein also recognizes that not all middle class parents’ interactions with their children will be like the (imaginary) example quoted, nor all working class parents’ conversations with their children like the second (imaginary) ex ample. He argues that the middle class child, however, is more likely to reach school age with mastery of both codes, restricted and elaborated. Many (but not all) working class children, on the other hand, will possess the "restricted code" only. This may be just as rich and powerful linguistically, just as complex, just as adequate as a means of expression, but it is not the language of the (often middle class) teacher, of books, of schools, or, more generally, of educational success.
There are several problems with Bernstein’s theory, even in its complete form. In common with other critics, Labov has noted the vagueness of the notion of "code" and, with another population, shown how differences in the speech elicited from working class and middle class subjects are sometimes the product of the elicitation procedures themselves. Rosen has attacked what he sees as the confused political definitions of several of Bernstein’s central concepts, including social class, and the lack of linguistic data with which to support his theoretical claims. Trudgill suggests that the linguistic differences found by Bernstein and his associates (such as more of less frequent use of prepositions, impersonal pronouns, varied adjectives and adverbs, and passives) do not reflect two linguistic codes but simply differences in style. [br] The two conversations quoted here imply that______.
选项
A、both working class mothers and middle class ones can refuse a request reasonably
B、neither working class mothers nor middle class ones want their children to eat very often the ice cream
C、working class mothers often speak more authoritatively
D、middle class mothers often speak with elaborated code
答案
D
解析
在所举的例子下面的第二段中的第一句话否定了答案A或C。答案B没有任何支撑,所以不对。此段中好有一句话a more“elaborated code”than his working class school friend 说明中小产阶级孩子的母亲话语更加复杂,所以选D。
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/3272725.html
相关试题推荐
Mywanderingeyealightedonaratherportlymiddle-agedmanwhowastalking
Mywanderingeyealightedonaratherportlymiddle-agedmanwhowastalking
Mywanderingeyealightedonaratherportlymiddle-agedmanwhowastalking
Ingeneral,childrenhavevirtuallyacquiredthebasicfabricoftheirnativela
Thetypeofmodifiedspeechtypicallyaddressedtoyoungchildrencanbecalled_
Notsolongagotelevisionwasscary.Itwasheldtoturnchildrenintoimbe
Notsolongagotelevisionwasscary.Itwasheldtoturnchildrenintoimbe
Notsolongagotelevisionwasscary.Itwasheldtoturnchildrenintoimbe
Countries,businesses,andschoolsarethreeareasthatneedgoodleaders.C
ResearcherswhopickedupandanalyzedwildchimpdroppingssaidonThursday
随机试题
[originaltext]Untilthe20thcentury,mostpaintingswererepresentational.
进程P1、P2、P3、P4、P5和P6的前趋图如下所示: 若用PV操作控制
关于贷款展期管理的说法错误的是()。A.现行短期贷款的展期期限累计不得超过原
皮肤黏膜淋巴结综合征引起病变的脏腑主要是()A.肺胃 B.心肝 C.心
关于先兆子宫破裂的表现,正确的一项是A.胎心多无变化 B.宫底部可见病理缩复环
自我评估工作应及时开展,评估结果应及时报送,管理行动应及时实施,对实施效果应及时
下列临床表现可诊断为冠龋的是A.探针可伸入底部坚硬的窝沟 B.着色的不平坦区
小剂量阿司匹林预防血栓形成的机制是A.抑制磷脂酶 B.抑制TXA的合成 C.
关于财务报告的说法中正确的是( )。A.企业对外提供的财务报告应反映企业某一会计
银行承兑汇票的承兑银行,应当按照票面金额向出票人收取()的手续费。A:千分之一
最新回复
(
0
)