首页
登录
职称英语
Towards the end of Thinking, Fast and Slow, Daniel Kahneman laments that he
Towards the end of Thinking, Fast and Slow, Daniel Kahneman laments that he
游客
2023-12-11
22
管理
问题
Towards the end of Thinking, Fast and Slow, Daniel Kahneman laments that he and his late collaborator, Amos Tversky, are often credited with showing that humans make "irrational" choices. That term is too strong, he says, to describe the variety of mental mishaps to which people systematically fall prey. Readers of his book may disagree. Mr. Kahneman, an Israeli-American psychologist and Nobel economics laureate, has delivered a full catalogue of the biases, shortcuts and cognitive illusions to which our species regularly succumbs. In doing so he makes it plain that Homo economicus the rational model of human behaviour beloved of economists—is as fantastical as a unicorn.
In one experiment described by Mr. Kahneman, participants asked to imagine that they have been given £50 behave differently depending on whether they are then told they can "keep" £20 or must "lose" £30--though the outcomes are identical. He also shows that it is more threatening to say that a disease kills "1,286 in every 10,000 people", than to say it kills "24. 14% of the population", even though the second mention is twice as deadly. Vivid language often overrides basic arithmetic.
Some findings are downright peculiar. Experimental subjects who have been "primed" to think of money, perhaps by seeing a picture of dollar bills, will act more selfishly. So if someone nearby drops some pencils, these subjects will pick up fewer than their non-primed counterparts. Even obliquely suggesting the concept of old age will inspire people to walk more slowly—though feeling elderly never crossed their mind, they will later report.
After all this the human brain looks less like a model of rationality and more like a giddy teenager; flighty, easily distracted and lacking in self-awareness. Yet this book is not a counsel of despair. Its awkward title refers to Mr. Kahneman’s two-tier model of cognition: "System 1" is quick, intuitive and responsible for the quirks and mistakes described above(and many others). "System 2", by contrast, is slow, deliberative and less prone to error. System 2 kicks in when we are faced with particularly complex problems, but much of the time it is all too happy to let the impulsive System 1 get its way.
What, then, is System 1 good for? Rather a lot, it turns out. In a world that often demands swift judgment and rapid decision-making, a creature who solely relied on deliberative thinking wouldn’t last long. Moreover, System 1 generally works well. As Mr. Kahneman says, "most of our judgments and actions are appropriate most of the time". He urges readers to counteract what he considers to be mistakes of System 1 thinking, such as the "loss aversion" that deters people from accepting favourable gambles(such as a 50-50 chance to win $200 or lose $100). He also recommends checking the performance of an investment portfolio no more than once a quarter, to limit needless anguish over short-term fluctuations and the "useless churning" of shares.
Mr. Kahneman does not dwell on the possible evolutionary origins of our cognitive biases, nor does he devote much time to considering why some people seem naturally better at avoiding error than others.
Still this book, his first for a non-specialist audience, is a profound one. As Copernicus removed the Earth from the centre of the universe and Darwin knocked humans off their biological perch, Mr. Kahneman has shown that we are not the paragons of reason we assume ourselves to be. Often hailed as the father of behavioural economics(with Tversky as co-parent), his work has influenced a range of disciplines and has even inspired some policy.
But the true consequences of his findings are only starting to emerge. When he presents the poor victims of his experiments with conclusive proof of their errors, the typical reaction is not a chastened pledge to shape up, but confused silence, followed by business as usual. No one likes to be told he is wrong. [br] According to the passage, the human brain can be described as
选项
A、irrational.
B、oblivious.
C、disorderly.
D、capricious.
答案
D
解析
细节题。由the human brain定位至第四段首句。句中flighty意为“反复无常的”,与capricious“善变的,反复无常的”含义相同,故[D]为答案。虽然句中提到less like a model of rationality,但并没有完全否认其理性的一面,排除[A];句中的easily distracted意为“容易分心的”,而oblivious意为“健忘的”,与原文不符,排除[B];另外一个提及的特点是lacking in self-awareness,即“缺少自觉意识”,并非[C]项“混乱的,凌乱的”,排除该项。
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/3262562.html
相关试题推荐
Get’emThinking!Usingthe"3Rs"ofMediaLiteracyToday,I’ll
Get’emThinking!Usingthe"3Rs"ofMediaLiteracyToday,I’ll
Get’emThinking!Usingthe"3Rs"ofMediaLiteracyToday,I’ll
Get’emThinking!Usingthe"3Rs"ofMediaLiteracyToday,I’ll
Get’emThinking!Usingthe"3Rs"ofMediaLiteracyToday,I’ll
Janet’sattitudetowardstheAmericanizedstyleasamodelforbusinessnegotiat
[originaltext]A:Howdoyouandyourhousematesliketheco-up?I’mthinking
[originaltext]A:Howdoyouandyourhousematesliketheco-up?I’mthinking
RobinsonCrusoeiswrittenby______.A、HenryFieldingB、DanielDefoeC、SamuelRi
TowardstheendofThinking,FastandSlow,DanielKahnemanlamentsthathe
随机试题
[originaltext]Untilthe20thcentury,mostpaintingswererepresentational.
进程P1、P2、P3、P4、P5和P6的前趋图如下所示: 若用PV操作控制
关于贷款展期管理的说法错误的是()。A.现行短期贷款的展期期限累计不得超过原
皮肤黏膜淋巴结综合征引起病变的脏腑主要是()A.肺胃 B.心肝 C.心
关于先兆子宫破裂的表现,正确的一项是A.胎心多无变化 B.宫底部可见病理缩复环
自我评估工作应及时开展,评估结果应及时报送,管理行动应及时实施,对实施效果应及时
下列临床表现可诊断为冠龋的是A.探针可伸入底部坚硬的窝沟 B.着色的不平坦区
小剂量阿司匹林预防血栓形成的机制是A.抑制磷脂酶 B.抑制TXA的合成 C.
关于财务报告的说法中正确的是( )。A.企业对外提供的财务报告应反映企业某一会计
银行承兑汇票的承兑银行,应当按照票面金额向出票人收取()的手续费。A:千分之一
最新回复
(
0
)