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  3. Towards the end of Thinking, Fast and Slow, Daniel Kahneman laments that he

Towards the end of Thinking, Fast and Slow, Daniel Kahneman laments that he

游客2023-12-11  18
问题     Towards the end of Thinking, Fast and Slow, Daniel Kahneman laments that he and his late collaborator, Amos Tversky, are often credited with showing that humans make "irrational" choices. That term is too strong, he says, to describe the variety of mental mishaps to which people systematically fall prey. Readers of his book may disagree. Mr. Kahneman, an Israeli-American psychologist and Nobel economics laureate, has delivered a full catalogue of the biases, shortcuts and cognitive illusions to which our species regularly succumbs. In doing so he makes it plain that Homo economicus the rational model of human behaviour beloved of economists—is as fantastical as a unicorn.
    In one experiment described by Mr. Kahneman, participants asked to imagine that they have been given ￡50 behave differently depending on whether they are then told they can "keep" ￡20 or must "lose" ￡30--though the outcomes are identical. He also shows that it is more threatening to say that a disease kills "1,286 in every 10,000 people", than to say it kills "24. 14% of the population", even though the second mention is twice as deadly. Vivid language often overrides basic arithmetic.
    Some findings are downright peculiar. Experimental subjects who have been "primed" to think of money, perhaps by seeing a picture of dollar bills, will act more selfishly. So if someone nearby drops some pencils, these subjects will pick up fewer than their non-primed counterparts. Even obliquely suggesting the concept of old age will inspire people to walk more slowly—though feeling elderly never crossed their mind, they will later report.
    After all this the human brain looks less like a model of rationality and more like a giddy teenager; flighty, easily distracted and lacking in self-awareness. Yet this book is not a counsel of despair. Its awkward title refers to Mr. Kahneman’s two-tier model of cognition: "System 1" is quick, intuitive and responsible for the quirks and mistakes described above(and many others). "System 2", by contrast, is slow, deliberative and less prone to error. System 2 kicks in when we are faced with particularly complex problems, but much of the time it is all too happy to let the impulsive System 1 get its way.
    What, then, is System 1 good for? Rather a lot, it turns out. In a world that often demands swift judgment and rapid decision-making, a creature who solely relied on deliberative thinking wouldn’t last long. Moreover, System 1 generally works well. As Mr. Kahneman says, "most of our judgments and actions are appropriate most of the time". He urges readers to counteract what he considers to be mistakes of System 1 thinking, such as the "loss aversion" that deters people from accepting favourable gambles(such as a 50-50 chance to win $200 or lose $100). He also recommends checking the performance of an investment portfolio no more than once a quarter, to limit needless anguish over short-term fluctuations and the "useless churning" of shares.
    Mr. Kahneman does not dwell on the possible evolutionary origins of our cognitive biases, nor does he devote much time to considering why some people seem naturally better at avoiding error than others.
    Still this book, his first for a non-specialist audience, is a profound one. As Copernicus removed the Earth from the centre of the universe and Darwin knocked humans off their biological perch, Mr. Kahneman has shown that we are not the paragons of reason we assume ourselves to be. Often hailed as the father of behavioural economics(with Tversky as co-parent), his work has influenced a range of disciplines and has even inspired some policy.
    But the true consequences of his findings are only starting to emerge. When he presents the poor victims of his experiments with conclusive proof of their errors, the typical reaction is not a chastened pledge to shape up, but confused silence, followed by business as usual. No one likes to be told he is wrong. [br] It can be inferred from the passage that
选项 A、language is more powerful than mathematics.
B、selfish people tend to think of money often.
C、self-suggestion can affect people’s behavior.
D、exact figures are more convincing than words.
答案 C
解析 推断题。按照试题顺序及选项中的selfish定位至第二、三段。第三段末句指出，想到老年的意象会使人们走路速度放缓，这说明心理暗示会影响人们的行为，故[C]为答案。由第二段末句可知，这是对前面哪种说明方式对人们心理影响更大所作的总结，并非比较语言和数学谁更强大，[A]为过度推断，[D]与此句矛盾；由第三段第二句可知，这是由“看到美元的图像，更容易想到钱”这个“因”导致的“通常会表现得更为自私”这个“果”，是实验中出现的现象，而[B]与此含义完全不同，因果关系颠倒，排除。
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