首页
登录
职称英语
In sixteenth-century Italy and eighteenth-century France, waning prosperity a
In sixteenth-century Italy and eighteenth-century France, waning prosperity a
游客
2023-12-07
18
管理
问题
In sixteenth-century Italy and eighteenth-century France, waning prosperity and increasing social unrest led the ruling families to try to preserve theft superiority by withdrawing from the lower and middle classes behind barriers of etiquette. In a prosperous community, on the other hand, polite society soon adsorbs the newly rich, and in England there has never been any shortage of books on etiquette for teaching them the manners appropriate to their new way of life.
Every code of etiquette has contained three elements: basic moral duties; practical rules which promote efficiency; and artificial, optional graces such as formal compliments to, say, women on their beauty or superiors on their generosity and importance. In the first category are considerations for the weak and respect for age. Among the ancient Egyptians the young always stood in the presence of older people. Among the Mponguwe of Tanzaia, the young men bow as they pass the huts of the elders. In England, until about a century ago, young children did not sit in their parents’ presence without asking permission. Practical rules are helpful in such ordinary occurrences of social life as making proper introductions at parties or other functions so that people can be brought to know each other. Before the invention of the fork, etiquette directed that the fingers should be kept as clean as possible; before the handkerchief came into common use, etiquette suggested that after spitting, a person should rub the spit inconspicuously underfoot. Extremely refined behavior, however, cultivated as an art of gracious living, has been characteristic only of societies with wealth and leisure, which admitted women as the social equals of men. After the fall of Rome, the first European society to regulate behavior in private life in accordance with a complicated code of etiquette was twelfth-century Province, in France. Provence had become wealthy. The lords had returned to their castle from the crusades, and there the ideals of chivalry grew up, which emphasized the virtue and gentleness of women and demanded that a knight should profess a pure and dedicated love to a lady who would be his inspiration, and to whom he would dedicate his valiant deeds, though he would never come physically close to her. This was the introduction of the concept of romantic love, which was to influence literature for many hundreds of years and which still lives on in a debased form in simple popular songs and cheap novels today. In Renaissance Italy too, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, a wealthy and leisured society developed an extremely complex code of manners, but the rules of behavior of fashionable society had little influence on the daily life of the lower classes. Indeed many of the rules, such as how to enter a banquet room, or how to use a sword or handkerchief for ceremonial purposes, were irrelevant to the way of life of the average working man, who spent most of his life outdoors or in his own poor hut and most probably did not have a handkerchief, certainly not a sword, to his name. Yet the essential basis of all good manners does not vary. Consideration for the old and weak and the avoidance of banning or giving unnecessary offence to others is a feature of all societies everywhere and at all levels from the highest to the lowest. [br] One characteristic of the rich classes of a declining society is their tendency to ______.
选项
A、take in the recently wealthy
B、retreat within themselves
C、produce publications on manners
D、change the laws of etiquette
答案
B
解析
推理题。本文第一段指出16世纪的意大利和18世纪的法国正处于waning prosperity and increasing social unrest之中,说明社会正在没落(a declining society)。因此富裕阶层用社会礼仪将自己隐藏起来 (withdrawing from the lower and middle classes behind barriers of etiquette),这句话与选项B(retreat within themselves)的含义一致。
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/3252984.html
相关试题推荐
Insixteenth-centuryItalyandeighteenth-centuryFrance,waningprosperityan
Insixteenth-centuryItalyandeighteenth-centuryFrance,waningprosperityan
Insixteenth-centuryItalyandeighteenth-centuryFrance,waningprosperityan
InthecasethatoccurredinFrancein1981,howmanypeoplewitnessedit?[orig
TheRenaissancebeganinnorth______intheearly______century.A、France;14thB、I
Britain’sleadingcustomersandsuppliersareFrance,Germanyand______.A、Japan
Insixteenth-centuryItalyandeighteenth-centuryFrance,waningprosperity
Insixteenth-centuryItalyandeighteenth-centuryFrance,waningprosperity
Insixteenth-centuryItalyandeighteenth-centuryFrance,waningprosperity
Insixteenth-centuryItalyandeighteenth-centuryFrance,waningprosperity
随机试题
Thecomputersmadebyourcompanysellbest,butseveralyearsagonoonecould
Completethenotesbelow.WriteNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSforeachanswer.Corpor
Theplaceofthechildinsocietyhasvariedforthousandsofyearsandhas
对建筑进行性能化防火设计评估中,在计算人员安全疏散时间时,应确定人员密度、疏散宽
王某(男,22岁)为达到与刘某(女,18周岁)结婚的目的,故意隐瞒刘某的真实年龄
根据波士顿矩阵理论,当某企业的所有业务均处于高销售增长率时,下列各项关于该企业业
医疗机构从业人员行为规范适用人员包括()A.医护人员B.其他人员C.管理人员D
2011年1月,甲房地产开发公司(以下简称甲公司)依法取得某市某县一块国有土地的
下列关于同业拆借的表述中,错误的是()。A.主要满足金融机构短期资金融通需要
(2020年真题)关于本量利分析模式,下列各项中能够提高销售利润率的有()。A
最新回复
(
0
)