首页
登录
职称英语
Communicating with StrangersI. The concept
Communicating with StrangersI. The concept
游客
2023-11-24
22
管理
问题
Communicating with Strangers
I. The concept of the stranger and the definition of strangeness:
A. Strangeness and familiarity make up a【T1】_______.
B. Strangers are those at the most【T2】__________.
C. Communication involves predicting others’ responses.
D. Communicating with strangers involves【T3】___________,
II. Communicative predictions based on data from three levels:
A.【T4】______level—dominant values or norms
B. Sociocultural level—【T5】__________
C. Psychocultural level—individuals’【T6】______
III. The process of【T7】_____________
A. Definition: a【T8】______process
- grouping particulars into categories based on similarities.
- distinguishing individuals from categories.
B. Communication with strangers relies on
【T9】______.
C. Strategies to improve effective communication with strangers:
- Be aware of【T10】___________particular individuals from their stereotypical categories.
- Do not rely on familiar scripts and norms.
-【T11】___________________accordingly.
IV. Some【T12】______to reduce uncertainty and anxiety
A. How to gain more information about the stranger:
-【T13】______________.
- Seek information from the stranger’s friends or from books.
-【T14】_______with the stranger and ask questions directly.
B. Uncertainty accompanied by high levels of anxiety.
C. Anxieties can be reduced
- by paying more conscious attention to the
【T15】______.
- by gathering more information on the stranger. [br] 【T2】
Communicating with Strangers
Good morning, today’s lecture on communicating with strangers is the first of the series of lectures under the general topic — intercultural communication. Every day, we communicate the way we do because we are raised in a particular culture and learn its language, rules, and norms. Different cultures and subcultures may have different rules and norms. Therefore, understanding the other’s culture facilitates cross-cultural communication. All communication occurs between people who have varying degrees of familiarity with each other. The key factor in understanding intercultural communication is the concept of the stranger and the definition of strangeness.
First, strangeness and familiarity make up a continuum. We use the term "stranger" to refer to those people at the most unfamiliar end of the continuum. Thus anyone could be considered a stranger, given a sufficiently foreign context. A stranger has limited knowledge of their new environment — of its norms and values. And in turn, the locals have little knowledge of the stranger — of his or her beliefs, interests and habits. Generally speaking, communication with another involves predicting or anticipating their responses. When communicating with someone familiar we are usually confident in our anticipation, and may not even notice that we are making such predictions. In contrast, when we communicate with strangers we are more aware of the range of their possible responses, and of the uncertainty of our predictions.
But where do our predictions come from? Communicative predictions are based on data from three levels. First is the cultural level. This level involves information about the other’s culture, its dominant values and norms. This is often the only level of information available when communicating with a stranger. Even so, a better understanding of the stranger’s culture yields better predictions. The second level of information is sociocultural. This includes data about the other’s group membership, or the groups to which they seek to belong. This type of information is the predominant data used in intracultural communication. Finally there is psychocultura/data. This is information about the individual’s characteristics, and is the sort of data most relevant to communication with friends.
Then, how do we process the prediction data when we communicate with strangers? The answer is that we understand such data by the process of social cognition. Social cognition is a dialectical process which involves both grouping particulars into categories based on their similarities, and of distinguishing individuals from their categories based on their differences. Communication with strangers often relies too heavily on categorization or stereotyping. Such stereotypes may be inaccurate, or may not apply to the present individual. To improve communication with strangers we must pay attention to their unique, individual features. Effective communication with strangers requires an increased awareness of our communication behaviors. First, we tend to categorize things automatically, and so we are less aware of doing it. It takes more of our conscious awareness to differentiate particular individuals from their stereotypical categories. Second, much of our daily communication follows familiar scripts, and so we are not consciously aware of that communication behavior. We cannot rely on such familiar scripts and norms when communicating with a stranger. Our communication will be improved if we recognize that familiar scripts do not apply, and seek to modify our communication behaviors accordingly.
Finally, we need to talk about some ways to reduce people’s uncertainty and anxiety during their communication with strangers. Generally, in communication, we seek to reduce uncertainty. Communication with strangers involves relatively greater degrees of uncertainty, due to the difficulty in predicting a stranger’s responses. We experience uncertainty with regard to the stranger’s attitudes, feelings and beliefs. We are also uncertain of how to explain the stranger’s behavior. Motivation to reduce this uncertainty is more acute when we expect to have further interactions with the stranger, or when they are a potential source of benefit.
We may reduce our uncertainty and increase the accuracy of our predictions by gaining more information about the stranger. There are three basic strategies for gathering such information. One may passively observe the stranger. One may actively seek out information from other friends of the stranger, or from books. Finally, one may seek information directly from the stranger by interacting with them and asking questions. Also, offering information about one’s self often prompts reciprocal offerings of information from another.
The increased uncertainty in interactions with strangers is accompanied by higher levels of anxiety, as we anticipate a wider array of possible negative outcomes. We may worry about damage to our self-esteem from feeling confused and out of control. We may fear the possibility of being incompetent, or being exploited. We may worry about being perceived negatively by the stranger. And we may worry that interacting with a stranger will bring disapproval from members of our own group. Generally these anxieties can be reduced by paying more conscious attention to the communication process, and by gathering more information on the stranger. Generally, individuals tend to explain their own behavior by reference to the situation. Observers tend to attribute an individual’s behavior to elements of that individual’s character. When interacting with strangers we are especially likely to attribute their behavior to their character, and then to view their character as typical of their culture or race, etc. That is, we are especially likely to interpret a stranger’s behavior in light of our stereotypes about what "those kind of people" are like. As a result, consciously focusing on the communication process itself is an effective solution so as to gather more information about the stranger and hence to lower the level of anxiety.
Finally, let’s review the basic concepts covered in today’s lecture. First, we talked about the concept of the stranger and definition of strangeness. Communicating with strangers involve uncertain predictions of their responses. Second, we discussed where communicative predictions come from and how they are processed during communication. And the last concerns our suggestions on some strategies to reduce people’s uncertainty and anxiety during their communication with strangers.
选项
答案
unfamiliar end
解析
细节题。通过讲座原文中的We use the term “stranger” to refer to those people at the most unfamiliar end of the continuum.这句话可以轻易得出答案。
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/3216135.html
相关试题推荐
[originaltext]M:Theconceptthatyoucanearnahighsalarywithouthavingac
CommunicatingwithStrangersI.Theconcept
CommunicatingwithStrangersI.Theconcept
CommunicatingwithStrangersI.Theconcept
CommunicatingwithStrangersI.Theconcept
CommunicatingwithStrangersI.Theconcept
CommunicatingwithStrangersI.Theconcept
CommunicatingwithStrangersI.Theconcept
CommunicatingwithStrangersI.Theconcept
ThreeConceptsinArtHistoryI.Commonalities-Certainchunkof【T1】_____
随机试题
Menaremuch"smarter"thanwomenwhenitcomestoshopping,accordingtoa
Alawyerfriendofminehasdevotedherselftotheserviceofhumanity.Her
Onebillionpeopleintheworldareshortofwater.Howcanthisproblembe
判断肺结核传染性最主要的依据是:A.血沉增快 B.胸部X线片显示空洞性病变
关于物质进出细胞的方式,以下叙述错误的是()。A.葡萄糖通过主动运输进入小肠
学校某老师板书潦草、字迹难以辨认,同学们很不喜欢。为此,其他老师给他提出建议,但
《物权法》规定,订立抵押合同前抵押财产已出租的,原租赁关系( )。A.解除
有关被动扩散的特征不正确的是A:不消耗能量 B:具有部位特异性 C:由高浓度
善治乳痈的药物是A.败酱草 B.天花粉 C.连翘 D.蒲公英
下列哪项不是学校开展生活技能教育的现实意义A.提高儿童青少年的健康知识 B.促
最新回复
(
0
)