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  3. Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, fromwarm praise

Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, fromwarm praise

游客2023-09-17  25
问题     Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from
warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists,
who study the relation between actions and their consequences,
argue that rewards cannot improve performance at work and school.                  S1.______
Cognitive researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, main-
tain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging independence             S2.______
on approval and gifts from others.
    The later view has gained many supporters, especially among edu-               S3.______
cators. But the careful use of small monetary rewards speak creativity             S4.______
in grade-school children, suggesting that properly presented induce-
ments(刺激) indeed aid inventiveness, according to a study in the June
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. "If kids know they’re
working for a reward and can focus on a relative challenging task,                 S5.______
they show the most creativity," says Robert Eisenberger of the Uni-
versity of Delaware in Newark. "But it’s easy to kill creativity through           S6.______
giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation of           S7.______
rewards."
    A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who
hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up uninspired                  S8.______
students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, hi
notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards
and restore failing grades.
    In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in that               S9.______
students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based
points toward valued rewards, show promise in raising effort and crea-             S10.______
tivity, the Delaware psychologist claims.
选项
答案 cannot→can
解析 本句中，who引导非限制性定语从句作插入语，主语为Behaviorists，故谓语argue保持原形；that在此处引导宾语从句。通读全文可知，本文通过Psychologists的观点，引出其反对观点和支持观点，并对两种观点进行讨论。由第一段第二句中的谓语argue(据理争辩)，可知Behaviorists是在反对 Psychologists的观点；第三句中的谓语maintain(坚信)，则表明支持Psychologists观点的是Cognitive researchers。因此，Behaviorists表达的观点应该是rewards can improve performance at work and school，即“奖励可以促进人们在工作或学习中的表现”，故将cannot改为can。
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