首页
登录
职称英语
Big is Back A)Corporate giants were on the defensive for decades. Now th
Big is Back A)Corporate giants were on the defensive for decades. Now th
游客
2023-07-01
49
管理
问题
Big is Back
A)Corporate giants were on the defensive for decades. Now they have the advantage again. In 1996, in one of his most celebrated phrases, Bill Clinton declared that "the era of big government is over". He might have added that the era of big companies was over, too. The organisation that defined capitalism for much of the 20th century was then in retreat, attacked by corporate raiders, annoyed by shareholders and outwitted by entrepreneurs(企业家). Great names such as Pan Am had disappeared. Others had survived only by huge bloodletting: IBM sacked 122,000 people, a quarter of its workforce, between 1990 and 1995. Everyone agreed that the future lay with entrepreneurial start-ups such as Yahoo! —which in late 1998 had the same market capitalisation with 637 employees as Boeing with 230,000. The share of GDP produced by big industrial companies fell by half between 1974 and 1998, from 36% to 17%.
B)Today the balance of advantage may be shifting again To a degree, the financial crisis is responsible. It has destroyed the venture-capital market, the lifeblood of many young firms. Governments have been rescuing companies they consider too big to fail, such as Citigroup and General Motors. Recession is squeezing out smaller and less well-connected firms. But there are other reasons too, which are giving big companies a self-confidence they have not displayed for decades.
C)Of course, big companies never went away. There were still plenty of first-rate ones: Unilever and Toyota continued to innovate through thick and thin. And not all start-ups were models of success: Netscape and Enron promised to revolutionise their industries only to crash and burn. Nevertheless, the balance had shifted in favour of small organisations. The entrepreneurial boom was supercharged by two developments. Deregulation(撤销管制规定)opened protected markets. Some national champions, such as AT&T, were broken up. Others saw their markets eaten up by swift-footed newcomers. The arrival of the personal computer in the 1970s and the internet in the 1990s created an army of successful start-ups. Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak founded Apple Computer in 1976 in the Jobs family’s garage. Microsoft and Dell Computer were both founded by teenagers(in 1975 and 1984 respectively). Larry Page and Sergey Brin started Google in Stanford dorm rooms.
D)But deregulation had already begun to go out of fashion before the financial crisis. The Sarbanes-Oxley act, introduced after Enron collapsed in disgrace, increased the regulatory burden on companies of all sizes, but what could be borne by the big could cripple the small. Many of today’s most dynamic industries are much more friendly to big companies than the IT industry. Research in biotechnology is costly and often does not bear fruit for years. Natural-resource companies, whose importance grows as competition for resources intensifies, need to be big—hence the mining industry’s consolidation.
E)Two further developments are shifting the balance of advantage in favour of size. One is a heightened awareness of the risks of subcontracting(转包合同). Toy companies and pet-food firms alike have found that their brands can be hurt if their suppliers turn out goods of poor quality. Big industrial companies have learned that their production cycles can be broken up if contractors are not up to the mark. Boeing, once a champion of subcontracting, has been forced to take over slow suppliers. A second is the emergence of companies that have discovered how to be entrepreneurial as well as big. These giants are getting better at minimising the costs of size(such as longer, more complex chains of managerial command)while exploiting its advantages(such as presence in several markets and access to a large talent pool). Cisco Systems is pioneering the use of its own video technology to improve communications between its employees. IBM has carried out several company-wide brainstorming exercises, recently involving more than 150,000 people, that have encouraged it to put more emphasis, for example, on green computing. Disney has successfully taken Pixar’s creative magic.
F)You might suppose that the return of the mighty, now better equipped to crush the competition, is something to worry about. Not necessarily. Big is not always ugly just as small is not always beautiful. Most entrepreneurs dream of turning their start-ups into giants(or at least of selling them to giants for a fortune). There is a symbiosis(互利合作关系)between large and small. "Cloud computing" would not provide young firms with access to huge amounts of computer power if big companies had not created giant servers. Biotech start-ups would go bust were they not given work by giants with deep pockets.
G)The most successful economic ecosystems contain a variety of big and small companies: Silicon Valley boasts long-established names as well as an ever-changing array of start-ups. America’s e-conomy has been more dynamic than Europe’s in recent decades not just because it is better at giving birth to companies but also because it is better at letting them grow. Only 5% of European Union companies born since 1980 have made it into the list of the 1,000 biggest in the EU by market capitalisation. In America, the figure is 22%.
H)The return of the giants could well be a blessing for the world economy—but only if business people and policymakers avoid certain mistakes Businesses should not admire size blindly, particularly if this means diversifying into a lot of unrelated areas. The model of joint business may be tempting when cash is hard to find. But the moment will not last. By and large, the most successful big firms focus on their core businesses.
I)Policymakers should both resist an instinctive suspicion of big companies and avoid the old error of embracing national champions. It is bad enough that governments have diverted resources into supporting failing companies such as General Motors. It would be even more regrettable if they were to return to picking winners. The best use of their energies is to remove the burdens and barriers which prevent entrepreneurs from starting businesses and turning small companies into big ones. [br] "Cloud computing" has enabled young firms to substantially enhance their computer power.
选项
答案
F
解析
根据Cloud computing定位至F段倒数第2句。该句提到了“云计算”的功用,该句暗示“云计算”也能为年轻的公司提供强大的计算能力,这与本题所述相符,F段为本题出处。
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/2798816.html
相关试题推荐
BigisBackA)Corporategiantswereonthedefensivefordecades.Nowt
BigisBackA)Corporategiantswereonthedefensivefordecades.Nowt
BigisBackA)Corporategiantswereonthedefensivefordecades.Nowt
BigisBackA)Corporategiantswereonthedefensivefordecades.Nowt
BigisBackA)Corporategiantswereonthedefensivefordecades.Nowt
BigisBackA)Corporategiantswereonthedefensivefordecades.Nowth
BigisBackA)Corporategiantswereonthedefensivefordecades.Nowth
BigisBackA)Corporategiantswereonthedefensivefordecades.Nowth
BigisBackA)Corporategiantswereonthedefensivefordecades.Nowth
BigisBackA)Corporategiantswereonthedefensivefordecades.Nowth
随机试题
Manypensionersarelesswell-offthantheyusedtobe.Theunderlinedpartmean
Thecrisishas【C1】______questionsaboutthelargeoilcompaniesandwin
Changethepositionofthreewordsonlyinthesentencebelowinorderforitto
【S1】[br]【S3】laid改为lay.lie/lay是容易混淆的一组单词。这是因为两个单词有词形的重叠之处,即,lie-lay-lain;lay-l
封闭式基金的利润分配,每年不得少于()次。A.一 B.二 C.三
(2020年真题)同业分组业绩比较方法是指,将某基金所在的可比同业组中所有的基金
根据上图,下列关于全国重点城市平均地价增长率情况的表述,正确的一项是:()
A.一定升高 B.一定降低 C.保持不变 D.升高或降低由橡皮筋的劲度系数
图示弹簧质量系统,置于光滑的斜面上,斜面的倾角a可以在0°~90°间改变,则随a
患者,男性,25岁。以饮酒后左上腹疼痛伴恶心、呕吐8小时就诊。该患者腹痛呈持续性
最新回复
(
0
)