2. 职称英语
  3. An industrial society, especially one as centralized and concentrated as that

An industrial society, especially one as centralized and concentrated as that

游客2023-06-27  34
问题    An industrial society, especially one as centralized and concentrated as that of Britain, is heavily dependent on certain essential services: for instance, electricity supply, water, rail and road transport, the harbors. The area of dependency has widened to include removing rubbish, hospital and ambulance services, and, as the economy develops, central computer and information services as well. If any of these services ceases to operate, the whole economic system is in danger. It is this economic inter-dependency of the economic system which makes the power of trade unions(工会)such an important issue. Single trade unions have the ability to cut off many countries’ economic blood supply.
   This can happen more easily in Britain than in some other countries, in part because the labor force is highly organized. About 55 percent of British workers belong to unions, compared to under a quarter in the United States.
   For historical reasons, Britain’ s unions have tended to develop along trade(行业)and occupational lines, rather than on an industry-by-industry basis, which makes a wages policy, democracy in industry and the improvement of procedures for fixing wage levels difficult to achieve.
   There are considerable strains and tensions in the trade union movement, some of them arising from their outdated and inefficient structure. Some unions have lost many members because of their industrial changes.
   Others are involved in arguments about who should represent workers in new trades. Unions for skilled trades are separated from general unions, which means that different levels of wages for certain jobs are often a source of bad feelings between unions. In traditional trades which are being pushed out of existence by advancing technologies, unions can fight for their members ’ disappointing jobs to the point where the jobs of other union members are threatened or destroyed. The printing of newspapers both in the United States and in Britain has frequently been halted by the efforts of printers to hold on to their traditional highly-paid jobs.
   Trade unions have problems of internal communication just as managers in companies do, problems which multiply in very large unions or in those which bring workers in very different industries together into a single general union. Some trade union officials have to be re-elected regularly: others are elected, or even appointed, for life. Trade union officials have to work with a system of "shop stewards"(工厂工人代表)in many unions, "shop stewards" being workers elected by other workers as their representatives at factory or work level. [br] Because their organization is obsolete, some unions find it very hard to______.
选项 A、change as industries change
B、acquire new technologies
C、recruit new members
D、bargain for high enough wages
答案 A
解析 由题干中的“their organization is obsolete”“unions find it very hard”可以定位到文中第四段。该段提到“在工会运动中有许多紧张和矛盾，其中一些源于过时的低效率组织结构；一些工会因为行业的变化已经失去了许多会员”。由此可推断，组织机构落后的一些工会很难随着行业的变化而变化。故选A。
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