Unlike so-called basic emotions such as

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问题 Unlike so-called basic emotions such as sadness,fear,and anger,guilt emerges a little later,in conjunction with a child’s growing grasp of social and moral norms.Children aren’t born knowing how to say“I’m sorry”;rather,they learn over time that such statements appease parents and friends-and their own consciences.This is why researchers generally regard so-called moral guilt,in the right amount,to be a good thing:A child who claims responsibility for knocking over a tower and tries to rebuild it is engaging in behavior that’s not only reparative but also prosocial.In the popular imagination,of course,guilt still gets a bad rap.It evokes Freud’s ideas and religious hang-ups.More important,guilt is deeply uncomfortable-it’s the emotional equivalent of wearing a jacket weighted with stones.Who would inflict it upon a child?Yet this understanding is outdated.“There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking about what guilt is and what role guilt can serve,”Vaish says,adding that this revival is part of a larger recognition that emotions aren’t binary-feelings that may be advantageous in one context may be harmful in another.Jealousy and anger,for example,may have evolved to alert us to important inequalities.Too much happiness(think mania)can be destructive.And guilt,by prompting us to think more deeply about our goodness,can encourage humans to atone for errors and fix relationships.Guilt,in other words,can help hold a cooperative species together.It is a kind of social glue.Viewed in this light,guilt is an opportunity.Work by Tina Malti,a psychology professor at the University of Toronto,suggests that guilt may compensate for an emotional deficiency.In a number of studies,Malti and others have shown that guilt and sympathy(and its close cousin empathy)may represent different pathways to cooperation and sharing.Some kids who are low in sympathy may make up for that shortfall by experiencing more guilt,which can rein in their nastier impulses.And vice versa:High sympathy can substitute for low guilt.In a 2014 study,for example,Malti and a colleague looked at 244 children,ages 4,8,and 12.Using caregiver assessments and the children’s self-observations,they rated each child’s overall sympathy level and his or her tendency to feel negative emotions(like guilt and sadness)after moral transgressions.Then the kids were handed stickers and chocolate coins,and given a chance to share them with an anonymous child.For the low-sympathy kids,how much they shared appeared to turn on how inclined they were to feel guilty.The guilt-prone ones shared more,even though they hadn’t magically become more sympathetic to the other child’s deprivation.The word“transgressions”(line4 para5)is closest in meaning to________.“That’s good news,”Malti says.“We can be prosocial because of our empathetic proclivity,or because we caused harm and we feel regret.”《》（）A.teachingsB.discussionsC.restrictionsD.wrongdoings

选项 A.teachings
B.discussions
C.restrictions
D.wrongdoings

答案 D

解析本题目为猜词题，考察上下文内容。根据题干信息定位到第五段第四句。his or her tendency to feel negative emotions(like guilt and sadness)after moral transgressions.在道德什么之后感到负面情绪，肯定是道德负面的状态下才会有负面情绪，正确答案A的wrongdoings是错误，不道德行为。干扰项B discussions讨论，和原文意思不符，道德讨论不成立，C选项restrictions道德限制，不成立。选项D的teachings教诲;学说;

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英语二研究生

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Unlike so-called basic emotions such as

英语二研究生

研究生入学