Text l For more than two centuries,many

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问题 Text l For more than two centuries,many people have tr/ed to shake that peculiar branch of the tree of knowledge called economics.Perhaps no one has done it better than Richard Thaler,a University of Chicago professor who has challenged the traditional idea that free markets reflect the self-interests of rational individuals.On Oct.9 he was awarded the 2017 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for recognizing that human behavior is very complex.Economic models cannot be easily simplified and must be"more human"by admitting that theories based on sel{-interest are not always correct.Indeed,the field of economics has long been overdue for a humility check.Mr.Thaler showed his own lack of arrogance in his response to the question of how he would spend the$1.1 million that comes with the Nobel Prize:"I will try to spend it as irrationally as possible."In other fields of knowledge,the fact that people do not always act in their own self-interest is pretty obvious.Yet most economists still rely on Adam Smith's 18th-century notion of markets being guided by"the invisible hand"of forces driven by people seeking their own well-being.What is often overlooked is that Smith himself was more complex.He also took a noble view of human behavior.He wrote:"How selfish soever man may be supposed,there are evidently some principles in his nature,which interest him in the fortune of others,and render their happiness necessary to him,though he derives nothing from it except the pleasure of seeing it."Thaler's work largely focuses on why humans often do things contrary to their own good,such as not saving money for retirement.His theories have created a whole new field called behavioral economics,which looks for ways that either governments or companies can,by using suggestions and positive reinforcement,"nudge"people to take action in their long-term interests.Even this new field is subject to a similar critique.Can governments and corporate officials operate any more rationally in trying to"nudge"people whom they deem too irrational?Scholars Richard Reeves and Dimitrios Halikias argue that trying to influence people's actions is the wrong approach.They suggest that society and its economy are best developed through sel{-effective attributes of character,not paternalistic nudges to change behavior.A humane society,they write,"is one in which men and women possess the discipline,self-command and personal autonomy needed to live with a sense of purpose and direction."Unlike other Nobel Prizes,the one for economics has been given only since 1969.The field remains fluid in its theories.Perhaps a future prize can go to an economist who can take Thaler's ideas even further and show how prosperity relies on traits of character in a society.Models of economics are best built on models of thought.Richard Reeves argue that prosperity is basically developed through_____A.efficient marketsB.rational governmentsC.sel{-regulated individualsD.mutually-influenced members

选项 A.efficient markets
B.rational governments
C.sel{-regulated individuals
D.mutually-influenced members

答案 C

解析 [信息锁定]第五段末两句指H{Richard Reeves等的主张：社会及其经济发展靠的是“性格中的自我有效特征（self-effective attributes of character）”，人道的社会应该是“男男女女们拥有心怀目的感与方向感生活所需的道德规范、自我克制以及个人自主（disciptine．self-command and personal auionomy）”可见C.为Richard Reeves眼巾繁荣的根本保证。[解题技巧]A.干扰来自文章前i段关于传统经济学的内容，但这与Richard Reeves观点（第五段）无直接关联。B.源自第五段②句．但这是Richard Rceves质疑的对象．而非持有的观点。D.源自第五段③句influence people's actions，但Richarcl Reeves认为“靠影响他人改变行为”是错误的（the wrong approach）。

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Text l For more than two centuries,many

英语二研究生

研究生入学