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  3. Text 4 Many Americans regard the jury sy

Text 4 Many Americans regard the jury sy

考试题库2022-08-02  35
问题 Text 4 Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial democratic values,including the principles that all citizens who meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy are equally competent to serve on juries;that jurors should be selected randomly from a representative cross section of the community;that no citizen should be denied the right to serve on a jury on account of race,religion,sex,or national origin;that defendants are entitled to trial by their peers;and that verdicts should represent the conscience of the community and not just the letter of the law.The jury is also said to be the best surviving example of direct rather than representative democracy.In a direct democracy,citizens take turns governing themselves,rather than electing representatives to govern for them.But as recently as in 1968,jury selection procedures conflicted with these democratic ideals.In some states,for example,jury duty was limited to persons of supposedly superior intelligence,education,and moral character.Although the Supreme Court of the United States had prohibited intentional racial discrimination in jury selection as early as the 1880 case of Strauder v.West Virginia,the practice of selecting socalled elite or blueribbon juries provided a convenient way around this and other antidiscrimination laws.The system also failed to regularly include women on juries until the mid20th century.Although women first served on state juries in Utah in 1898,it was not until the 1940s that a majority of states made women eligible for jury duty.Even then several states automatically exempted women from jury duty unless they personally asked to have their names included on the jury list.This practice was justified by the claim that women were needed at home,and it kept juries unrepresentative of women through the 1960s.In 1968,the Congress of the United States passed the Jury Selection and Service Act,ushering in a new era of democratic reforms for the jury.This law abolished special educational requirements for federal jurors and required them to be selected at random from a cross section of the entire community.In the landmark 1975 decision Taylor v．Louisiana,the Supreme Court extended the requirement that juries be representative of all parts of the community to the state level.The Taylor decision also declared sex discrimination in jury selection to be unconstitutional and ordered states to use the same procedures for selecting male and female jurors.The practice of selecting socalled elite jurors prior to 1968 showed______A.the inadequacy of antidiscrimination lawsB.the prevalent discrimination against certain racesC.the conflicting ideals in jury selection proceduresD.the arrogance common among the Supreme Court judges
选项 A.the inadequacy of antidiscrimination laws
B.the prevalent discrimination against certain races
C.the conflicting ideals in jury selection procedures
D.the arrogance common among the Supreme Court judges
答案 A
解析 推理题【命题思路】这是一道封闭式推理题。考生在回文定位后可以通过某个句子推理出正确答案，主要考查了正话反说。【直击答案】根据题干提供的年代信息和“socalled elite jurors”定位在第二段的最后一句话，句子的重点信息在后半句话：选举所谓的精英或者一流的陪审员这一做法为绕开这种或者其他反歧视的法律提供了便捷的道路，从侧面反映出了反歧视法律的不全面，A项属于正话反说，为正确选项。【干扰排除】B项属于过度推理，文章只是提到了在陪审团选举的过程中存在种族歧视现象，但不能从中推出种族歧视现象盛行。C项属于答案信息残缺和跨越范围型干扰项。文章第二段首句指出jury selection procedures conflicted with these democratic ideals.而C项中democratic缺失，ideal的范围被放大。此外，“选举过程中理念的冲突”在时间上属于“as recently as in 1968”管辖的范围。而题干中的时间是“prior to 1968”，两者时间不一致，属于“跨越范围”干扰。D项无中生有，文中并未提及最高法院任何陪审员的表现，故排除。
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英语二研究生

研究生入学

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