首页
登录
职称英语
The Greek’s lofty attitude toward scientific research and the scientists’ co
The Greek’s lofty attitude toward scientific research and the scientists’ co
游客
2025-04-21
29
管理
问题
The Greek’s lofty attitude toward scientific research and the scientists’ contempt of utility was a long time dying. For a millennium after Archimedes, this separation of mechanics from geometry inhibited fundamental technological progress and in some areas repressed it altogether. But there was a still greater obstacle to change until the very end of the middle ages: the organization of society. The social system of fixed class relationships that prevailed through the Middle Ages (and in some areas much longer) itself hampered improvement. Under this system, the laboring masses, in exchange for the bare necessities of life, did all the productive work, while the privileged few--priests, nobles, and kings--concerned themselves only with ownership and maintenance of their own position. In the interest of their privileges they did achieve considerable progress in defense, in warmaking, in government, in trade, in the arts of leisure, and in the extraction of labor from their dependents, but they had no familiarity with the process of production. On the other hand, the laborers, who were familiar with manufacturing techniques, had no incentive to improve or increase production to the advantage of their masters. Thus, with one class possessing the requisite knowledge aid experience, but lacking incentive and leisure, and the other class lacking the knowledge and experience, there was no means by which technical progress could be achieved.
The whole ancient world was built upon this relationship--a relationship as sterile as it was inhuman. The availability of slaves nullified the need for more efficient machinery. In many of the commonplace fields of human endeavor, actual stagnation prevailed for thousands of years. Not all the glory that was Greece and the grandeur that was Rome could develop the windmill or contrive so simple an instrument as the wheelbarrow--products of the tenth and thirteenth centuries respectively.
For about twenty-five centuries, two-thirds of the power of the horse was lost because he wasn’t shod, and much of the strength of the ox was wasted because his harness wasn’t modified to fit his shoulders. For more than five thousand years, sailors were confined to rivers and coasts by a primitive steering mechanism which required remarkably little alteration (in the thirteenth century) to become a rudder.
With any ingenuity at all, the ancient plough could have been put on wheels and the ploughshare shaped to bite and turn the sod instead of merely scratching it but the ingenuity wasn’t forthcoming. And the villager of the Middle Ages, like the men who first had fire, had a smoke hole in the center of the straw and reed thatched roof of his one-room dwelling (which he shared with his animals), while the medieval charcoal burner (like his Stone Age ancestor) made himself a hut of small branches. [br] Lack of technological progress in the ancient and medieval worlds was primarily due to the absence of ______.
选项
A、natural resources
B、inventive ability
C、people’s desire for the "better things of life"
D、proper social organization
答案
D
解析
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/4046808.html
相关试题推荐
Researchshouldcontinueoncontrollednuclearfusion,butnoenergyprogramsho
Ahundredyearsagoitwasassumedandscientifically"proved"byeconomists
Ahundredyearsagoitwasassumedandscientifically"proved"byeconomists
Ahundredyearsagoitwasassumedandscientifically"proved"byeconomists
Ahundredyearsagoitwasassumedandscientifically"proved"byeconomists
Researchershavestudiedthepoorasindividuals,asfamiliesandhouseholds
Researchershavestudiedthepoorasindividuals,asfamiliesandhouseholds
Whatdoconsumersreallywant?That’saquestionmarketresearcherswouldlo
Whatdoconsumersreallywant?That’saquestionmarketresearcherswouldlo
TheGreek’sloftyattitudetowardscientificresearchandthescientists’co
随机试题
WESTENDLANEBOOKSinvitesyoutoitsAnnualChristmasdiscountdayONTHURSDAY
TheOlympicGames____in776B.C.inOlympia.asmalltowninGreece.A、originatedB
Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcen
通过预算方法来控制管理费用,以下哪一项不是常用的方式()。A.预算差异分析 B
患者腰膝痠软,耳鸣头昏,小便频数而清,尿后余沥不尽,夜尿频多,舌淡,脉弱。其证候
在进行堆载预压固结法地基处理的地表沉降观测时,《港口工程地基规范》中对加载期的沉
最不具备分析意义的缺口是()。A:普通缺口B:突破缺口C:持续性缺口D:消
任何单位的收支都要以总额列入预算,不应当只列入收支相抵后的净额,这体现了政府预算
为了调节国际收支顺差,一国可以采取的政策有( )。A.在外汇市场上抛售外汇
A.磷酸盐结石 B.碳酸盐结石 C.草酸钙结石 D.尿酸结石 E.混合型
最新回复
(
0
)