2. 职称英语
  3. Technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental

Technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental

游客2025-04-02  7
问题     Technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug. Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts. They don’t realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs. This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and psychologists. The phrase "substance abuse" is often used instead of "drug abuse" to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.
    We live a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses? First of all, most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions. Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.
    Drugs (substances) that affect the central nervous system and alter perception, mood, and behavior are known as psychoactive substances. Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens. Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system, whereas depressants slow it down. Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception, distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing hallucinations. These are the substances often called psychedelic (from the Greek word meaning "mind manifesting") because they seemed to radically alter one’s state of consciousness. [br] The word "pervasive" (Line 1, Para. 2) might mean ______.
选项 A、widespread
B、overwhelming
C、piercing
D、fashionable
答案 A
解析 本题可参照文章第2段第1句。从中可知，在我们生活的社会，物质(药物)被广泛地应用于社交和医疗——服用阿司匹林以减缓头痛，喝点酒以增进友谊，早上喝咖啡以提神，吸烟以消除紧张情绪。据此可知，阿司匹林、酒、咖啡和烟等都是常用物品，因此“pervasive”的意思应该是“使用广泛的”。因此A项为正确答案。
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