首页
登录
职称英语
Civilizations Civilizations, vast or otherwise,
Civilizations Civilizations, vast or otherwise,
游客
2025-03-30
29
管理
问题
Civilizations
Civilizations, vast or otherwise, can always be located on a map. An essential part of their character depends on the constraints or advantages of their geographical situation. 【T1】
This, of course, will have been affected for centuries or even millennia by human effort. Every landscape bears the traces of this continuous and cumulative labour generation after generation contributing to the whole. So doing, humanity itself has been transformed by what the French historian Jules Michelet called ’the decisive shaping of self by self’, or(as Karl Marx put it)’the production of people by people ’
. To discuss civilization is to discuss space, land and its contours, climate, vegetation, animal species and natural or other advantages. It is also to discuss what humanity has made of these basic conditions: agriculture, stock-breeding, food, shelter, clothing, communications, industry and so on. 【T2】
The stage on which humanity’s endless dramas are played out partly determines their story-line and explains their nature. The cast will alter, but the set remain broadly the same.
For the expert on India, Hermann Goetz, there are two essential Indias. One is humid, with heavy rainfall, lakes, marshes, forests and jungles, aquatic plants and flowers—the land of people with dark skins. It contrasts with the dryer India of the Indo-Gangetic plain, plus the Deccan plateau—the home of lighter-skinned people, many of them warlike. India as a whole, in Goetz’s view, is a debate and a tug-of-war between these two contrasting areas and peoples. 【T3】
The natural and man-made environment, of course, can not predetermine everything. It is not all-powerful. But it greatly affects the inherent or acquired advantages of any given situation. To take inherent advantages, every civilization is born of immediate opportunities, rapidly exploited.
Thus in the dawn of time, river civilizations flourished in the old world: Chinese civilization along the Yellow River; pre-Indian along the Indus; Sumerian, Babylonian and Assyrian on the Euphrates and the Tigris Egyptian on the Nile. A Similar group of Vigorous civilizations developed in Northern Europe, around the Baltic and the North Sea—not to mention the Atlantic Ocean itself. Much of the West and its dependencies today, in fact, are grouped around that ocean, rather as Roman world of former times was grouped around the Mediterranean.
【T4】
These classic instances reveal above all the prime important of communications. No civilization can survive without mobility; all are enriched by trade and the stimulating impact of strangers.
Islam for instance, is inconceivable without the movement of its caravans across the ’dry seas’ of its deserts and steppes, without its expeditions in the Mediterranean and across the Indian Ocean as far as Malacca and China. 【T5】
Mentioning these achievements has already led us beyond the natural and immediate advantages which supposedly gave rise to civilizations. To overcome the steady winds of the Indian Ocean, or to dam a river—all that needed human effort, to enjoy advantages, or rather to create them.
[br] 【T3】
选项
答案
当然,自然环境和人为环境是不能预知一切的,更不是全能的。但它极大地影响着天然优势和特定情况下习得的后天优势。每一种文明都诞生于眼前这些被迅速加以利用的机遇,就是天然优势得以利用。
解析
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/4018456.html
相关试题推荐
CivilizationsCivilizations,vastorotherwise,
CivilizationsCivilizations,vastorotherwise,
CivilizationsCivilizations,vastorotherwise,
Neitherisitalmostseen,thatverybeautifulpersonsareotherwiseofgreatvi
Altruism,otherwiseknownashelpingbehavior,canbedefinedasbehaviorthatp
CivilizationsCivilizations,vastorotherwise,
CivilizationsCivilizations,vastorotherwise,
CivilizationsCivilizations,vastorotherwise,
Everymodemgovernment,liberalorotherwise,hasaspecificpositioninthefie
Whythisotherwiseexcellentnewspaperallowssuchanarticletobeprintedis__
随机试题
某高速公路分路基、路面两期施工,路面为沥青路面。第一期工程某路基施工合同包括7座
二十五岁已婚妇女。停经32周,近两周来腹部增大较快,感觉胸闷、气急,但能忍受。查
预应力混凝土用钢绞线(L0≥400mm)的最大力总伸长率应不小于3.0%。(
4岁女孩,因发热、咳嗽5天入院,咳嗽呈阵发性剧咳。查体:一般状况好,双肺呼吸音粗
初级卫生保健的承担者是A.基层医院 B.社区卫生工作者 C.卫生行政部门
()的物质形式表现为原材料、辅助材料、机械、生产工具、厂房等。A.流动资
对商业银行声誉风险进行有效管理的最佳做法是()。A.声誉风险管理应全面覆盖商
与气机的调节直接相关的脏腑是A.肺与肝 B.心与肾 C.肝与脾 D.肺与脾
下列哪一项不是Km值的意义A.Km值是酶的特征性物理常数,可用于鉴定不同的酶
依据水利工程招标投标有关规定,潜在投标人依据踏勘项目现场及招标人介绍情况做出的判
最新回复
(
0
)