2. 职称英语
  3. For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies—and other creatur

For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies—and other creatur

游客2025-03-29  20
问题     For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies—and other creatures— learn to do things because certain acts lead to "rewards"; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological "drives" as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.
    It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.
    Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to "reward" the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children’s response in situation where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement "switched on" a display of lights—and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side.
    Papousek’s light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would "smile and bubble" when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of lights which pleased them, it was the success that they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control. [br] Papousek noticed in his studies that a baby______.
选项 A、would make learned response when it saw the milk
B、would carry out learned movements when it had enough to drink
C、would continue the simple movements without being given milk
D、would turn its head to right or left when it had enough to drink
答案 C
解析 根据文中第三段的“Then he noticed that a baby who had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure．”可知，有足够牛奶喝的婴儿尽管会拒绝牛奶，但仍会愉快地继续做学会的动作，这种迹象十分明显。据此可知，没有得到牛奶的婴儿会继续做简单的动作，C项正确。
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