首页
登录
职称英语
In 1742 Benjamin Franklin invented a new type of stove, for which he was off
In 1742 Benjamin Franklin invented a new type of stove, for which he was off
游客
2025-03-26
8
管理
问题
In 1742 Benjamin Franklin invented a new type of stove, for which he was offered a patent. Franklin refused it, arguing in his autobiography that because "we enjoyed great advantages from the inventions of others, we should be glad of an opportunity to serve others by any invention of ours."
Most inventors are not as generous as the "Newton of Electricity": They want to turn their inventions into a profit. The patent system, which was developed independently in 15th-century Venice and then in 17th-century England, gave entrepreneurs a monopoly to sell their inventions for a number of years. Yet by the 1860s the patent system came under attack. Patents, critics argued, inhibited future creativity by allowing inventors to
rest on their laurels
. Recent economic research backs this up.
The pharmaceutical industry makes the best case for patents (and makes the most of patents when they are approved). Medical research and development (R&D) is costly. Moreover, although a patent application must be filed straight after a drug discovery, clinical trials necessary for drug approval may take several years. This shortens the effective life of the patent, which causes problems. In order to prove the efficacy of a drug, pharmaceuticals have to match the length of a clinical trial to the expected survival time of the patients. A clinical trial for patients with a spreading cancer lasts only three years compared to an 18-year-long trial for those suffering from a milder, localized cancer. Since a typical patent is in force for 20 years, firms only have two years of effective patent length left to commercialize a new drug against the localized cancer.
The data paint a gloomy picture. Pharmaceutical companies conduct 30 times more clinical trials for recurrent cancer drugs than for preventive drugs. They divert their R&D expenditures away from more curable, localized cancers and focus on incurable spreading and recurrent cancers instead. The patent system encourages pharmaceuticals to pump out drugs aimed at those who have almost no chance of surviving the cancer anyway. This patent distortion costs the U.S. economy around $89 billion a year in lost lives.
A one-size-fits-all patent system does not cater to the specifics of innovation in the pharmaceutical industry. But tailoring patent law may encourage lobbying and corruption. A careful reform of the patent system is necessary: Complete abolition of patents will not be enough to save cancer patients’ lives. [br] The last paragraph implies that the current patent system________.
选项
A、must be abolished as soon as possible
B、seems perfect for pharmaceutical companies
C、has to be improved in a prudent manner
D、leads to corruption and crime
答案
C
解析
最后一段有几个关键词,包括a careful reform和complete abolition。这些文字说明改革当前的专利制度需谨慎行事,不能操之过急,完全废除也不能挽救患者的生命。
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/4013857.html
相关试题推荐
In1742BenjaminFranklininventedanewtypeofstove,forwhichhewasoff
TheelectromagnetwasinventedinEnglandbyWilliamSturgeon,whotookani
TheelectromagnetwasinventedinEnglandbyWilliamSturgeon,whotookani
TheelectromagnetwasinventedinEnglandbyWilliamSturgeon,whotookani
TheelectromagnetwasinventedinEnglandbyWilliamSturgeon,whotookani
BenjaminFranklinwasAmerica’sfirstinternationallyfamousswimmerandswi
BenjaminFranklinwasAmerica’sfirstinternationallyfamousswimmerandswi
BenjaminFranklinwasAmerica’sfirstinternationallyfamousswimmerandswi
SpeakerA:I’dliketobuyacopyofProfessorFranklin’sbookonshells.Speake
TheelectromagnetwasinventedinEnglandbyWilliamSturgeon,whotookani
随机试题
(1)Nearly60millionvisitorsflocktothe384nationalparksacrossAmerica
维持细胞外液渗透压的重要离子是A.K B.Na C.Mg D.H E.C
下述哪项不属乙型病毒性肝炎母婴传播途径A.密切生活接触传染 B.娩出时接触母亲
现金流贴现模型是运用收入的( )方法来决定普通股内在价值。A.成本导向定价
患者,女,初产妇。宫内妊娠37周,胎膜早破超过3天,原发性宫缩乏力,宫门扩张缓慢
刷手护士穿好无菌手术衣、戴好无菌手套后,双手应A.放在胸前 B.放在腹部 C
人在每一瞬间,将心理活动选择了某些对象而忽略了另一些对象。这一特点指的是注意的(
共用题干 口腔预防科在某学校人群中验证一种含氟牙膏的防龋效果,对于研究方案的几
暂估价不包括()。A.材料暂估单价 B.工程设备暂估单价 C.专业工程
下列施工成本管理的措施中,属于组织措施的有()。A.编制施工成本控制工作计划
最新回复
(
0
)