Sporting activities are essentially modified forms of hunting behaviour. Vie

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问题 Sporting activities are essentially modified forms of hunting behaviour. Viewed biologically, the modern footballer is in reality a member of a hunting group. His killing weapon has turned into a harmless football and his prey into a goal-mouth. If his aim is accurate and he scores a goal, he enjoys the hunter’s triumph of killing his prey.
To understand how this transformation has taken place we must briefly look back at our forefathers. They spent over a million years evolving as cooperative hunters. Their very survival depended on success in the hunting-field. Under this pressure their whole way of life, even their bodies became greatly changed. They became chasers, runners, jumpers, aimers, throwers and prey-killers. They cooperated as skillful male-group attackers.
Then about ten thousand years ago, after this immensely long period of hunting their food, they became farmers. Their improved intelligence, so vital to their old hunting life, was put to a new use—that of controlling and domesticating (驯养,驯化) their prey. The hunt became suddenly out of date. The food was there on the farms, awaiting their needs. The risks and uncertainties of the hunt were no longer essential for survival.
The skills and thirst for hunting remained, however, and demanded new outlets. Hunting for sport replaced hunting for necessity. This new activity involved all the original hunting sequences, but the aim of the operation was no longer to avoid starvatioa Instead the sportsmen set off to test their skills against prey that were no longer essential to their survival. To be sure, the kill may have been eaten, but there were other, much simpler ways of obtaining a meaty meal. [br] The word "operation" ( Line 3, Para. 4) refers to______.

选项 A、hunting
B、prey killing
C、domesticating animals
D、sports activities

答案 D

解析本题是一道词汇含义类问题。利用查阅式阅读法，找到此词所在的上下文。根据文章第三段和第四段内容，经过多年演变进化，到约一万年前，人类经过漫长的狩猎获取食物的阶段，变成了以种植植物和驯养动物为生。狩猎中所需要的冒险和获取猎物的不确定性对人类生存已不再存在，但对狩猎的渴望和狩猎技能仍保留了下来，并需要有新的表现形式。这样为体育而进行的类似狩猎的活动就取代了为获取必需品而进行的狩猎活动。这样新的活动包括所有原来的狩猎过程，不过这种活动(指体育活动)的目的不再是为了避免挨饿(即获取食物)。由此可以推知，这里operation应指体育活动。因此，本题的正确答案应是D。

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Sporting activities are essentially modified forms of hunting behaviour. Vie

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